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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
Exocytosis00:51

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis00:50

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
Vesicular Trasport: Endocytosis, Transcytosis and Exocytosis01:18

Vesicular Trasport: Endocytosis, Transcytosis and Exocytosis

Vesicular transport is a cellular process that encompasses the engulfment of particles or dissolved substances by cells. It involves endocytosis, transcytosis, and exocytosis.
Endocytosis is a cellular mechanism that involves the inward folding of the cell membrane to create vesicles that capture and transport large drug molecules. This process comprises two distinct methods: pinocytosis (often referred to as "cell drinking") and phagocytosis (often referred to as "cell eating"). Pinocytosis is...
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...

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Extraction of Extracellular Vesicles from Whole Tissue
09:03

Extraction of Extracellular Vesicles from Whole Tissue

Published on: February 7, 2019

Exosomes--vesicular carriers for intercellular communication.

Mikael Simons1, Graça Raposo

  • 1Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany. msimons@gwdg.de

Current Opinion in Cell Biology
|May 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cells release exosomes, small vesicles involved in intercellular communication. These secreted exosomes carry nucleic acids and membrane components, impacting physiological and pathological processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cells communicate by releasing extracellular vesicles.
  • Exosomes are a specific type of secreted vesicle (40-100 nm).
  • Exosomes originate from multivesicular endosomes fusing with the plasma membrane.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the role of exosomes in intercellular communication.
  • To discuss the implications of exosome content transfer.
  • To explore the biogenesis and secretion mechanisms of exosomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on exosome biogenesis and function.
  • Analysis of studies on intercellular communication via vesicles.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on exosome secretion.

Main Results:

  • Exosomes transfer membrane and cytosolic components, including nucleic acids.
  • Exosome-mediated transfer is crucial for intercellular communication.
  • Exosomes are implicated in various physiological and pathological events.

Conclusions:

  • Exosomes play a significant role in cell-to-cell signaling.
  • Understanding exosome biogenesis and secretion is key to deciphering their functions.
  • Further research into exosome mechanisms will reveal new therapeutic and diagnostic avenues.