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The Micturition Reflex

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...

Disorders of the Urinary System

Disorders of the Urinary System

The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...

Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...

Stress

Stress

When a force is applied on a body, it undergoes deformation. In order to restore the body to its original shape and/or size, an opposite or restoring force is generated within the body. This restoring force is equal to the magnitude of the applied force, but acts in the opposite direction. The amount of this restoring force developed per unit area of the body is called stress. Stress is a tensor quantity and has the SI unit pascal. Stress can be separated into four broad categories depending...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

Stress incontinence.

Joseph Loze Onwude¹

¹Springfield Hospital, Chelmsford, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence

|May 19, 2009

Summary

This systematic review evaluates non-surgical and surgical treatments for stress incontinence in women. It found evidence on various interventions, including pelvic floor exercises and surgical procedures, to manage urine leakage.

Area of Science:

Urology
Gynecology
Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

Stress incontinence affects a significant portion of adult women, with risk factors including pregnancy, smoking, and obesity.
It is characterized by involuntary urine leakage during physical activities like coughing or sneezing.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the effects of non-surgical and surgical treatments for stress urinary incontinence in women.
To answer key clinical questions regarding the efficacy and safety of various interventions.

Main Methods:

A systematic review of 97 relevant studies, including systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
Searches conducted across major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to June 2008.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

Inclusion of harms alerts from regulatory agencies like the FDA and MHRA.

Main Results:

The review identified and evaluated evidence for a wide range of interventions.
A GRADE evaluation was performed to assess the quality of evidence for each intervention.

Conclusions:

Information on the effectiveness and safety of numerous treatments is presented.
Interventions reviewed include pelvic floor muscle exercises, electrical stimulation, various surgical procedures (e.g., slings, colposuspension), and medications (duloxetine).