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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Pyloric Obstruction01:11

Pyloric Obstruction

Pyloric obstruction, also referred to as gastric outlet obstruction, is a condition characterized by narrowing or blockage at the pylorus—the muscular valve regulating the flow of stomach contents into the duodenum. When this passage becomes impaired, the stomach cannot effectively empty its contents into the small intestine. This disruption leads to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including early satiety, bloating, epigastric pain, postprandial nausea, persistent vomiting, and...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

P50 Sensory Gating in Infants
12:55

P50 Sensory Gating in Infants

Published on: December 26, 2013

GORD in children.

Yadlapalli Kumar1, Rajini Sarvananthan

  • 1Consultant Paediatrician, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Treliske, Truro, Cornwall, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|May 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux in infants is common, affecting over half of those aged 0-3 months. This review evaluates treatments like domperidone and proton pump inhibitors for symptomatic infant reflux.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Gastroenterology
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • Gastro-oesophageal regurgitation is common in infants, with 51% of 0-3 month olds experiencing daily episodes.
  • Symptomatic reflux is defined by frequent regurgitation, crying, discomfort, and back arching.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effectiveness and safety of various treatments for symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux in infants.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 27 studies including systematic reviews, RCTs, and observational studies.
  • Searched major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to August 2007.
  • Included harms alerts from FDA and MHRA.

Main Results:

  • Evaluated evidence for interventions including domperidone, feed thickeners, H2 antagonists, sleep positioning, metoclopramide, PPIs, sodium alginate, surgery, soy formula, and weight loss.
  • Utilized GRADE evaluation for evidence quality.

Conclusions:

  • Presents information on the effectiveness and safety of multiple interventions for infant gastro-oesophageal reflux.
  • Provides a comprehensive overview to guide clinical decisions.