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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

A Modified Sonographic Algorithm for Image Acquisition in Life-Threatening Emergencies in the Critically Ill Newborn
11:27

A Modified Sonographic Algorithm for Image Acquisition in Life-Threatening Emergencies in the Critically Ill Newborn

Published on: April 7, 2023

Thyroid function in the critically ill newborn and child.

Judy L Shih1, Michael S D Agus

  • 1Medicine Critical Care Program, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Current Opinion in Pediatrics
|May 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid function abnormalities are common in critically ill children, similar to adults. Current evidence does not support thyroid hormone therapy for nonthyroidal illness in these pediatric patients.

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How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children
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How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children

Published on: August 19, 2020

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

A Modified Sonographic Algorithm for Image Acquisition in Life-Threatening Emergencies in the Critically Ill Newborn
11:27

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Published on: April 7, 2023

How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children
07:27

How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children

Published on: August 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Thyroid Physiology

Background:

  • Critically ill children often exhibit altered thyroid function.
  • These alterations involve the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis.
  • Prevalence is similar in pediatric and adult populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review typical thyroid function alterations in critically ill pediatric patients.
  • To assess the current evidence for thyroid hormone therapy in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on pediatric critical illness and thyroid function.
  • Analysis of data on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis abnormalities.
  • Evaluation of therapeutic benefits of thyroid hormone supplementation.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid function abnormalities are prevalent in critically ill children.
  • These abnormalities mirror those seen in adult patients.
  • No significant benefits of thyroid hormone therapy have been demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • No evidence supports thyroid hormone administration for nonthyroidal illness in critically ill children.
  • This includes preterm infants and postcardiac surgery patients with low T3 or T4.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the role of thyroid hormones in pediatric critical illness.