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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Preterm birth.

David M Haas1

  • 1Deptartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Wishard Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|May 20, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review evaluates interventions for preterm birth, finding various treatments like antenatal corticosteroids and progesterone effective. It highlights the need for evidence-based strategies to improve outcomes for preterm deliveries.

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Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
06:27

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates

Published on: December 31, 2015

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
06:27

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates

Published on: December 31, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • Preterm birth affects 5-10% of births in developed nations, with rising incidence in some countries like the USA.
  • Incidence rates in resource-poor settings are less documented, but northwestern Ethiopia reports 11-22%, highest in teenage mothers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effects of preventive interventions for women at high risk of preterm delivery.
  • To assess interventions improving neonatal outcomes after preterm rupture of membranes.
  • To evaluate treatments for preterm labor contractions, caesarean delivery strategies, and overall neonatal outcomes in preterm births.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic review of literature up to June 2007.
  • Searched Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other databases.
  • Included harms alerts from regulatory agencies like the FDA and MHRA.

Main Results:

  • Included 47 systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), or observational studies.
  • Performed a GRADE evaluation to assess the quality of evidence for various interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Presents information on the effectiveness and safety of multiple interventions for preterm birth.
  • Interventions reviewed include amnioinfusion, antenatal corticosteroids, antibiotics, bed rest, beta mimetics, calcium channel blockers, elective/selective caesarean delivery, enhanced antenatal care, magnesium sulfate, oxytocin receptor antagonists, progesterone, prophylactic cervical cerclage, prostaglandin inhibitors, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone.