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Tonsillitis I: Introduction

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Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...

Tonsillitis II: Management

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This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.

Acute Pharyngitis

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly known as “strep throat,” is an acute infection of the oropharyngeal tissues caused by the Gram‑positive Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking.Mechanisms of Host Entry and Immune EvasionUpon entering the host, S. pyogenes adheres to the mucosal epithelial cells of the pharynx via surface proteins, notably lipoteichoic acid and the antiphagocytic...

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

CO2-Lasertonsillotomy Under Local Anesthesia in Adults

CO₂-Lasertonsillotomy Under Local Anesthesia in Adults

Published on: November 6, 2019

Recurrent throat infections (tonsillitis).

Christos C Georgalas¹, Neil S Tolley, Anthony Narula

¹Department of Otolaryngology, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence

|May 21, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Diagnosing acute tonsillitis is challenging, often requiring tonsillectomy for recurrent or chronic throat infections. This review evaluates antibiotics, cold steel, and diathermy tonsillectomy effectiveness and safety.

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Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue

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Published on: June 14, 2020

Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Acute tonsillitis diagnosis is clinical and differentiating viral from bacterial infections is difficult.
Current rapid antigen tests lack sensitivity for bacterial tonsillitis, while accurate tests have delayed results.
Other causes of throat infections include Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and HIV.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the effects of tonsillectomy in children and adults with acute recurrent or chronic throat infections.
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of various tonsillectomy methods and antibiotic treatments.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of nine studies including systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
Searched major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to November 2006.
Included harms alerts from regulatory agencies like the FDA and MHRA.

Main Results:

Nine relevant studies met the inclusion criteria.
A GRADE evaluation was performed to assess the quality of evidence for interventions.
Data on the effectiveness and safety of antibiotics, cold steel tonsillectomy, and diathermy tonsillectomy were compiled.

Conclusions:

The review presents information on the effectiveness and safety of antibiotics, cold steel tonsillectomy, and diathermy tonsillectomy.
Further updates to clinical evidence reviews should be checked for the most current information.