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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Surgical Approach to Full Soft Tissue Face Allograft Procurement for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation
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Surgical Approach to Full Soft Tissue Face Allograft Procurement for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

Published on: December 30, 2025

Maxillary sinus vascularization: a cadaveric study.

Gabriele Rosano1, Silvio Taschieri, Jean-François Gaudy

  • 1Section of Dentistry, Department of Health Technologies, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|May 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...

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This study maps the arterial blood supply to the maxillary sinus. Understanding this vascularization is crucial for preventing surgical complications in the sinus region.

Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Surgical Anatomy
  • Vascular Anatomy

Background:

  • Surgical procedures in the maxillary sinus region carry risks of vascular complications.
  • A detailed understanding of the maxillary sinus's arterial blood supply is lacking.
  • This knowledge gap hinders the prevention of surgical bleeding and other vascular issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the arterial blood supply of the maxillary sinus.
  • To provide clinicians with a basis for understanding vascular complications in sinus surgery.
  • To detail the complex vascularization network of the maxillary sinus.

Main Methods:

  • Study involved 30 maxillary sinuses from 15 human cadavers (age 59-90 years).
  • The arterial vascular network was injected with red india ink-latex mixture via external carotid arteries.

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Surgical Approach to Full Soft Tissue Face Allograft Procurement for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation
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Surgical Approach to Full Soft Tissue Face Allograft Procurement for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

Published on: December 30, 2025

  • Detailed anatomical examination of the injected vascular structures and their relationship to the sinus.

    • Main Results:

    • A 100% prevalence of an intraosseous anastomosis between the posterior superior alveolar artery (alveolar antral artery) and the infraorbital artery was identified.
    • This anastomosis ensures blood supply to the sinus membrane, periosteal tissues, and anterior lateral sinus wall.
    • Further anastomoses were noted between the posterior superior alveolar artery and infraorbital artery branches, and relationships with descending palatine and sphenopalatine arteries were confirmed.

    Conclusions:

    • The posterior superior alveolar artery (alveolar antral artery) and infraorbital artery form a constant intraosseous anastomosis crucial for maxillary sinus vascularization.
    • Knowledge of these arterial pathways, including connections with the descending palatine and sphenopalatine arteries, is essential for surgical planning.
    • Understanding maxillary sinus vascular anatomy is vital for preventing and managing intraoperative bleeding and other vascular complications.