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Related Concept Videos

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers01:24

Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers

Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II01:19

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II

Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Delayed-Release Systems01:11

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Delayed-Release Systems

Delayed-release drug delivery systems are specialized pharmaceutical formulations designed to postpone the release of active compounds until the drug reaches a specific region of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, typically the intestine. These systems are essential for drugs that may cause gastric irritation, are unstable in acidic environments, or need to exert therapeutic effects locally in the intestinal or colonic regions.The core feature of delayed-release systems is the use of enteric...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted01:24

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated01:30

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated

Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also called...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

A Facile and Efficient Approach for the Production of Reversible Disulfide Cross-linked Micelles
09:57

A Facile and Efficient Approach for the Production of Reversible Disulfide Cross-linked Micelles

Published on: December 23, 2016

Polyhydroxyethylaspartamide-based micelles for ocular drug delivery.

C Civiale1, M Licciardi, G Cavallaro

  • 1RSI, SIFI SpA, Via Ercole Patti, 95022 Lavinaio, CT, Italy.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|May 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Polyhydroxyethylaspartamide (PHEA) copolymers functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hexadecylamine (C(16)) show promise as ocular drug delivery carriers. PHEA-PEG-C(16) micelles significantly enhanced drug permeation and bioavailability across ocular tissues.

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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions
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Preparation and Characterization of Individual and Multi-drug Loaded Physically Entrapped Polymeric Micelles
07:32

Preparation and Characterization of Individual and Multi-drug Loaded Physically Entrapped Polymeric Micelles

Published on: August 28, 2015

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

A Facile and Efficient Approach for the Production of Reversible Disulfide Cross-linked Micelles
09:57

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Published on: December 23, 2016

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions
10:53

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

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Preparation and Characterization of Individual and Multi-drug Loaded Physically Entrapped Polymeric Micelles
07:32

Preparation and Characterization of Individual and Multi-drug Loaded Physically Entrapped Polymeric Micelles

Published on: August 28, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Polymer chemistry and materials science
  • Ocular drug delivery systems
  • Biomaterials for pharmaceutical applications

Background:

  • Polyhydroxyethylaspartamide (PHEA) is an inert polymer backbone.
  • Grafting PHEA with hexadecylamine (C(16)) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) and C(16) creates copolymers with potential for drug delivery.
  • Developing effective colloidal drug carriers is crucial for improving ocular drug efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate PHEA-PEG, PHEA-PEG-C(16), and PHEA-C(16) copolymers as colloidal drug carriers for ocular delivery.
  • To evaluate the physical characteristics and drug complexation capabilities of these PHEA derivatives.
  • To assess the in vitro and in vivo performance of PHEA-based micelles for enhanced ocular drug permeation and bioavailability.

Main Methods:

  • Physical characterization using Langmuir trough (LT) and micellar affinity capillary electrophoresis (MACE).
  • In vitro permeability studies on rabbit conjunctival and corneal epithelia cells.
  • In vivo bioavailability studies in rabbits using dexamethasone alcohol-loaded micelles.

Main Results:

  • PHEA backbone alone does not interact with lipid membranes or complex drugs.
  • Copolymers PHEA-C(16) and PHEA-PEG-C(16) exhibit lipid membrane interaction and drug complexation abilities.
  • Drug-loaded PHEA-C(16) and PHEA-PEG-C(16) micelles demonstrated superior permeation across ocular epithelia compared to simple drug solutions.
  • PHEA-PEG-C(16) micelles significantly enhanced drug permeation and in vivo bioavailability of dexamethasone alcohol after ocular administration.

Conclusions:

  • PHEA copolymers functionalized with C(16) and/or PEG can be effectively utilized as colloidal drug carriers for ocular delivery.
  • PHEA-PEG-C(16) micelles represent a promising system for improving ocular drug permeation and bioavailability.
  • These advanced polymer systems offer a potential strategy to overcome challenges in ocular drug delivery.