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Making a visual map: mechanisms and molecules.

Thomas R Clandinin¹, David A Feldheim

¹Department of Neurobiology, Fairchild D200, 299W. Campus Drive, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States. trc@stanford.edu

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

|June 2, 2009

Summary

Visual system development relies on global and local cues for topographic map assembly. Genetic studies reveal mechanisms for neural circuit formation, including temporal differentiation and ephrin signaling.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Genetics

Background:

Visual system development involves creating topographic maps and neural circuitry.
Global and local cues guide the precise arrangement of synaptic connections into columns and layers.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the genetic mechanisms underlying visual system development.
To understand how global and local cues orchestrate the formation of neural maps and circuits.

Main Methods:

Review of recent genetic studies in model organisms (flies, mice, vertebrates).
Analysis of molecular signaling pathways (ephrin, neurotrophins) and cell behaviors (differentiation, adhesion, tiling).

Main Results:

Temporal differentiation sequences act as global cues in flies.
Ephrin gradients, neurotrophins, and neural activity are key in vertebrates.
Homotypic repulsion and cell-intrinsic factors drive neural process tiling.
Temporally regulated adhesion and specific molecules ensure laminar targeting.

Conclusions:

Genetic studies illuminate conserved and divergent mechanisms of visual map formation.
Interplay between global and local cues is critical for precise neural organization.
Further research is needed to fully define cue interactions in visual system development.