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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
Appendicitis01:19

Appendicitis

Appendicitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the vermiform appendix, most commonly caused by obstruction of its lumen. The appendix is a narrow, blind-ended pouch that extends from the cecum, making it particularly prone to obstruction. Causes include fecaliths, lymphoid hyperplasia (often after viral infections), parasites, tumors, or foreign bodies. This obstruction initiates a cascade of pathological changes.Luminal Obstruction and Early InflammationAfter obstruction, normal mucosal...
Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation01:26

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...
Appendicitis-I: Introduction01:22

Appendicitis-I: Introduction

The appendix, a small, narrow, blind tube extending from the inferior part of the cecum, is widely regarded as a vestigial organ, having lost much of its original function through evolution. Despite its diminished role, the appendix can become inflamed, a condition known as appendicitis.
Etiology: Appendicitis can arise from various causes, primarily rooted in the obstruction of the appendix lumen. Factors contributing to this obstruction include fecal accumulation, lymphoid hyperplasia and, in...
Intestinal Obstruction I: Introduction01:29

Intestinal Obstruction I: Introduction

Intestinal obstruction is a partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine that disrupts the normal flow of intestinal contents through the lumen. This interruption impairs digestion, absorption, and fluid balance, and may lead to serious complications if not treated promptly.Mechanical ObstructionMechanical obstruction occurs when a physical blockage prevents intestinal contents from passing, arising from within the lumen or the bowel wall, or from external compression.Adhesions,...
Peptic Ulcer01:27

Peptic Ulcer

Peptic ulcers are erosive lesions of the gastric or duodenal lining, most commonly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. This Gram-negative, helical bacterium has adapted to survive the stomach’s acidic environment by producing urease, which converts urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia neutralizes gastric acid in the bacterium’s immediate environment, allowing colonization of the gastric mucosa. H. pylori attaches to mucus-secreting epithelial cells, penetrates the mucus...

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Related Experiment Videos

Unresolved abdominal mass.

B Shrestha1, J L Baidya

  • 1Section of Urology, B and B Kathmandu University Hospital, Gwarko, Nepal. drbinshrestha@yahoo.com

Kathmandu University Medical Journal (KUMJ)
|June 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A case report highlights a large abdominal mass in a 30-year-old gentleman, ultimately diagnosed as malignancy in undescended testes. Early detection through physical examination led to successful surgical and chemotherapy treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Urology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Undescended testes (cryptorchidism) are associated with an increased risk of testicular germ cell tumors.
  • Abdominal masses in young adults can present diagnostic challenges, sometimes mimicking other intra-abdominal pathologies.

Observation:

  • A 30-year-old male presented with a large, enhancing solid abdominal mass.
  • Initial conservative management was based on a provisional diagnosis of an appendicular lump.
  • Physical examination revealed an underdeveloped, empty scrotum, suggesting undescended testes.

Findings:

  • The abdominal mass was diagnosed as a malignant tumor arising from undescended testes.
  • Surgical excision (laparotomy) was performed, followed by chemotherapy.
  • Post-chemotherapy imaging confirmed complete resolution of retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy and normalization of serum tumor markers.

Related Experiment Videos

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of a thorough physical examination, including genitalia, in diagnosing intra-abdominal masses.
  • It highlights the potential for malignancy in undescended testes presenting as large abdominal tumors.
  • Prompt diagnosis and multimodal treatment (surgery and chemotherapy) are crucial for favorable outcomes in such cases.