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Related Concept Videos

Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
Absorption of Radiation01:05

Absorption of Radiation

The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
Isotopes and Radioisotopes01:28

Isotopes and Radioisotopes

In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
An isotope containing more...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Positron Emission Tomography01:29

Positron Emission Tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
One of the main requirements of a PET scan is a positron-emitting radioisotope, which is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a substance used by the part of the body being...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
08:34

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

Published on: February 6, 2019

[Modern radiation therapy].

Mauri Kouri1, Aki Kangasmäki

  • 1Docrates-klinikka, Tehtaankatu 28, 00150 Helsinki.

Duodecim; Laaketieteellinen Aikakauskirja
|June 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiation therapy advancements enable higher tumor doses with reduced healthy tissue damage. Improved imaging techniques enhance tumor targeting and treatment monitoring for better cancer care.

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Medical Physics
  • Radiotherapy Technology

Context:

  • Radiation therapy is a cornerstone of cancer treatment, continuously evolving with technological progress.
  • Historically, three-dimensional tumor delineation and dose calculation have been standard practices.
  • Recent advancements focus on integrating advanced imaging for more precise radiotherapy planning.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the evolution and impact of technological advancements in radiation therapy.
  • To emphasize the role of improved imaging in modern cancer treatment.
  • To discuss the integration of novel imaging techniques into routine radiotherapy.

Summary:

  • Radiation therapy techniques have advanced significantly, allowing for escalated doses to tumors while sparing surrounding healthy tissues.
  • Developments in imaging technology facilitate more accurate tumor boundary definition and real-time monitoring of therapeutic effectiveness.
  • Four-dimensional and functional imaging are increasingly incorporated into routine radiotherapy for precise target area definition.

Impact:

  • Enhanced precision in radiation delivery leads to improved tumor control rates.
  • Minimizing damage to healthy tissues reduces treatment-related side effects and improves patient quality of life.
  • The integration of advanced imaging promises more personalized and effective cancer treatment strategies.