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Related Concept Videos

Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Entropy02:39

Entropy

Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Sublimation

Sublimation is the direct transformation of a solid to a gaseous state. For instance, at standard pressure and room temperature, solid carbon dioxide sublimes to gaseous carbon dioxide. The phase diagram depicts the conditions required for sublimation. This process occurs at the solid-gas phase boundary and is not observed above the triple point of the substance. The reverse of sublimation is called deposition, where a gaseous substance condenses directly into a solid. Sublimation and...
Specific Heat01:16

Specific Heat

The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. Specific heat capacity is often represented in calories (cal), grams (g), and degrees Celsius (oC), but can also be expressed in joules (J), kilograms (kg), and Kelvin (K), among other units.
For example, increasing the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C requires one calorie of heat energy and can be written as 1 cal/g-°C, or 4186 J/kg/K.

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Conducting Elevated Temperature Normal and Combined Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments Via a Breech-end Sabot Heater System
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Superheating in granular matter.

F Pacheco-Vázquez1, Gabriel A Caballero-Robledo, J C Ruiz-Suárez

  • 1Departamento de Física Aplicada, CINVESTAV-Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.

Physical Review Letters
|June 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Granular materials can exhibit superheating, remaining crystalline under strong vibration instead of becoming a gas. This metastable state is linked to energy dissipation.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Granular matter physics

Background:

  • Superheating is a rare phenomenon where solids persist above their melting points.
  • Granular materials typically behave as gases when strongly vibrated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate an analogous superheating phenomenon in granular matter.
  • To understand the thermodynamic-like features and energy dissipation in this system.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental setup involving a strongly vibrated monolayer of granular material.
  • Observation of the material's phase transitions under vibration.

Main Results:

  • A vibrated granular monolayer persisted as a crystal above its expected gas transition point.
  • The system exhibited thermodynamic-like features, including coexistence and metastability.
  • The metastable crystalline phase was found to be linked to energy dissipation.

Conclusions:

  • Granular matter can exhibit superheating, analogous to condensed matter systems.
  • Metastability in vibrated granular crystals is influenced by energy dissipation.