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Related Concept Videos

The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

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The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a...
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 18, 2026

Single Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction for Comprehensive and Simultaneous Detection of Mutations in Hotspot Regions
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KRAS mutation testing in colorectal cancer.

Thomas P Plesec1, Jennifer L Hunt

  • 1Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. plesect@ccf.org

Advances in Anatomic Pathology
|June 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

KRAS mutation testing is crucial for colorectal cancer patients receiving anti-EGFR therapy. Identifying specific KRAS mutations ensures effective treatment selection and improves patient outcomes in metastatic colorectal cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Diagnostics
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in the US, with a high incidence of metastasis.
  • Metastatic colorectal cancer has a poor prognosis, highlighting the need for effective targeted therapies.
  • Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors offer a targeted treatment option for a subset of patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biological, clinical, and laboratory aspects of KRAS mutation testing in colorectal cancer.
  • To emphasize the importance of KRAS mutation status for guiding anti-EGFR therapy selection.
  • To highlight the role of pathologists in KRAS mutation testing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on KRAS mutation testing and anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer.
  • Analysis of clinical guidelines recommending KRAS mutation status determination.
  • Discussion of the biological basis for KRAS mutations impacting EGFR inhibitor efficacy.

Main Results:

  • KRAS mutations in codons 12 and 13 of exon 2 render anti-EGFR therapies ineffective.
  • National guidelines recommend KRAS mutation testing for all eligible metastatic colorectal cancer patients.
  • Pathologists are integral to the KRAS testing process through tissue sample selection.

Conclusions:

  • KRAS mutation testing is essential for personalized treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.
  • Accurate KRAS testing ensures that patients benefit from anti-EGFR therapies.
  • This review provides a comprehensive overview for clinicians and pathologists.