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Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Isolation of CD4⁺ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Published on: January 7, 2019

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas.

William R Macon¹

¹Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. macon.william@mayo.edu

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America

|July 7, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are rare aggressive cancers of mature T-cells. This review details the diverse clinicopathologic features of these uncommon non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

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Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Published on: March 30, 2018

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Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Isolation of CD4⁺ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Published on: January 7, 2019

Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Published on: March 30, 2018

Area of Science:

Hematology
Oncology
Immunology

Background:

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are malignancies originating from mature T-cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues.
PTCLs represent a less common group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, accounting for 5% to 10% of cases in Western regions.
These lymphomas exhibit varied presentations, including nodal, extranodal/cutaneous, and mixed leukemic/lymphomatous forms.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of the clinicopathologic features of various Peripheral T-cell lymphomas.
To highlight the distinct characteristics and presentations of different PTCL subtypes.
To consolidate current understanding of these aggressive hematologic malignancies.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature and clinical data on Peripheral T-cell lymphomas.
Analysis of diagnostic criteria and classification systems for PTCLs.
Synthesis of information on clinical behavior, prognoses, and treatment considerations.

Main Results:

PTCLs encompass a spectrum of distinct lymphoid neoplasms with diverse origins and characteristics.
Presentations vary significantly, ranging from localized lymph node involvement to widespread extranodal or cutaneous disease.
Most PTCL subtypes are characterized by an aggressive clinical course and challenging treatment landscape.

Conclusions:

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of aggressive malignancies requiring precise diagnosis.
Understanding the varied clinicopathologic features is crucial for effective patient management and therapeutic strategies.
Further research into PTCL subtypes may lead to improved targeted therapies and patient outcomes.