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Related Concept Videos

Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

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In this solution, the primary cation—the calcium...
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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Adherence of Bacteria to Plant Surfaces Measured in the Laboratory
07:07

Adherence of Bacteria to Plant Surfaces Measured in the Laboratory

Published on: June 19, 2018

Irrigant divalent cation concentrations influence bacterial adhesion.

Clarissa L Dass1, Mary F Walsh, Sue Seo

  • 1Department of Surgery, Michigan State University and the John D Dingell VAMC, Lansing, MI 48912, USA.

The Journal of Surgical Research
|July 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Supplementing wound irrigation with calcium chloride (CaCl2) may reduce bacterial adhesion to wounds. This finding suggests a potential strategy to prevent surgical site infections by manipulating fluid mineral content.

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Adherence of Bacteria to Plant Surfaces Measured in the Laboratory
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In Vitro Assay of Bacterial Adhesion onto Mammalian Epithelial Cells
05:57

In Vitro Assay of Bacterial Adhesion onto Mammalian Epithelial Cells

Published on: May 16, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Wound Healing Research

Background:

  • Surgical wounds are susceptible to microbial contamination, but infection risk is reduced by irrigation.
  • Wound fluid typically has low calcium and high magnesium concentrations.
  • Bacterial adhesion to wound surfaces is a critical factor in infection development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of irrigant divalent cation concentrations on bacterial adhesion.
  • To determine if manipulating calcium and magnesium levels can inhibit microbial attachment to wound components.

Main Methods:

  • Three common bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were used.
  • Bacteria were applied to fibroblast monolayers, collagen I, and plastic surfaces.
  • Adhesion was measured after irrigation with solutions containing calcium chloride (CaCl2), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), or chelators (EDTA+EGTA).

Main Results:

  • Calcium supplementation (5 mM CaCl2) significantly reduced bacterial adhesion to fibroblasts and collagen.
  • Magnesium supplementation (5 mM MgCl2) or chelators (1 mM EDTA+EGTA) increased bacterial adhesion.
  • Calcium had no effect on nonspecific adhesion to uncoated plastic.

Conclusions:

  • Divalent cations in wound irrigants influence bacterial adhesion to host tissues and extracellular matrix.
  • Pathogenic bacteria may be adapted to adhere in the low-calcium, high-magnesium wound environment.
  • Supplementing wound irrigation with 5 mM CaCl2 shows potential for reducing bacterial adhesion and preventing wound infections, pending further validation.