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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction01:30

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction

Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions01:26

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions

A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of many...
Combined Effects of Drugs: Antagonism01:30

Combined Effects of Drugs: Antagonism

The combined effects of drugs can result in various interactions, of which an important type is antagonism. Antagonism is a mechanism where one drug inhibits or counteracts the effects of another drug. Antagonism can occur through various means, including receptor binding, allosteric modulation, functional interaction, chemical reactions, and pharmacokinetic processes.
The most common type is receptor antagonism, where one drug acts as an antagonist to block the effects of another drug by...
Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Drug Interactions01:23

Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Drug Interactions

Drug interactions are a critical aspect of pharmacology and can occur when two or more drugs compete for the same binding site. This competition can result in one drug displacing another, altering the effect of the displaced drug. Drug interactions are complex processes that rely heavily on how much of the displacer drug is present and how strongly it can bind to the same sites as the displaced drug.
Displacement interactions can have varying outcomes, ranging from toxicity to virtually...
Drug-Receptor Interactions01:29

Drug-Receptor Interactions

Drug-receptor interaction describes the binding of receptors by drugs, but not all drug-receptor interactions result in activation and tissue response. For instance, the binding of agonists activates the receptor to generate a cellular reaction, while antagonists bind to receptors without causing their activation.
Several parameters, such as the drug's affinity for its receptor and its efficacy, which is its ability to activate the receptor, determine the drug's effect on the tissue.

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Diagonal Method to Measure Synergy Among Any Number of Drugs
12:08

Diagonal Method to Measure Synergy Among Any Number of Drugs

Published on: June 21, 2018

Drug interactions.

Alan Boobis1, Jean-Baptiste Watelet, Rhys Whomsley

  • 1Department of Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London. a.boobis@imperial.ac.uk

Drug Metabolism Reviews
|July 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Allergy medications can interact with other drugs and foods due to P450 enzyme metabolism and transport. Quantitative assessment, considering therapeutic index, is crucial for managing drug interaction risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Metabolism
  • Drug Interactions

Background:

  • Many allergy drugs are co-administered with other medications for various conditions.
  • Pharmaceuticals, including allergy drugs, undergo metabolism by P450 enzymes and transmembrane transport.
  • This metabolic and transport activity creates significant potential for drug-drug and drug-diet interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the potential for drug-drug and drug-diet interactions with allergy medications.
  • To discuss the current state of predicting metabolism-based versus transporter-based interactions.
  • To emphasize the importance of quantitative assessment of drug interaction clinical significance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing knowledge on drug metabolism and transport.
  • Discussion of in silico and in vitro approaches for predicting metabolism-based interactions.
  • Consideration of factors influencing the clinical importance of drug interactions.

Main Results:

  • Drug metabolism by P450 enzymes and transmembrane transport are key mechanisms for drug interactions.
  • Metabolism-based drug interactions are increasingly predictable using in silico and in vitro methods.
  • Transporter-based interaction prediction is less advanced.
  • Clinical significance of interactions depends on multiple factors, including therapeutic index.

Conclusions:

  • Drug interactions involving allergy medications are a significant concern due to metabolic and transport pathways.
  • While metabolism-based interactions are becoming more predictable, transporter-based interactions require further research.
  • Quantitative evaluation, considering the therapeutic index, is essential for managing the clinical impact of drug interactions.