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Related Concept Videos

Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview

In inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch is used as an atomizer and ionizer. Solid samples are dissolved and volatilized before being introduced into the high-temperature argon plasma, while solution samples are nebulized and passed through the high-temperature argon plasma. Plasma dissociates the analytes and ionizes their component atoms to form a mixture of positive ions and molecular species. The positive ions are then passed on to...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
The ions and electrons produced interact with the fluctuating magnetic field created by a water-cooled...
Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at...
Definition and Measurement of Pressure: Atmospheric Pressure, Barometer, and Manometer02:57

Definition and Measurement of Pressure: Atmospheric Pressure, Barometer, and Manometer

Gas pressure is caused by force exerted by gas molecules colliding with the surfaces of objects. Although the force of each collision is very small, any surface of an appreciable area experiences a large number of collisions in a short time, which can result in high pressure.
Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry01:21

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
Pressure Gauges01:20

Pressure Gauges

Most pressure gauges, like those on scuba tanks, are calibrated to read zero at atmospheric pressure. Readings from such gauges are called the gauge pressure, which is the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. When the pressure inside the tank exceeds atmospheric pressure, the gauge reports a positive value. Some gauges are designed to measure negative pressure. For example, many physics experiments must take place in a vacuum chamber, a rigid chamber from which some of the air is pumped...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation
08:36

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation

Published on: November 3, 2016

Atmospheric pressure ion sources.

Thomas R Covey1, Bruce A Thomson, Bradley B Schneider

  • 1MDS Analytical Technologies, Sciex, Concord, Ontario, Canada L4K 4V8. tom.covey@sciex.com

Mass Spectrometry Reviews
|July 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers advancements in atmospheric pressure ion sources since 1991, focusing on instrumentation and physical principles. It details electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, addressing challenges like chemical noise and ion transport.

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation
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Published on: November 3, 2016

Treating Surfaces with a Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma using the COST-Jet
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Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;
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Published on: July 27, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Mass Spectrometry

Background:

  • Atmospheric pressure ion sources are crucial for interfacing diverse samples with mass spectrometry.
  • Significant progress has been made in instrumentation and fundamental understanding since 1991.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major developments in atmospheric pressure ion sources since 1991.
  • To highlight advances in instrumentation, physical principles, and applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature focusing on electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization.
  • Discussion of adaptations for surface analysis, ambient air analysis, and high-throughput applications.
  • Analysis of techniques to mitigate chemical noise and improve ion transfer.

Main Results:

  • Key developments in electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) are detailed.
  • Adaptations for specialized analyses like surface and ambient air monitoring are presented.
  • Strategies for reducing chemical noise and enhancing ion transport into vacuum are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous improvements in instrumentation and understanding have expanded the utility of atmospheric pressure ion sources.
  • Addressing challenges like chemical noise and ion transfer remains critical for future advancements.
  • These ion sources are vital for modern analytical chemistry, enabling sensitive and versatile analysis.