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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
10:07

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Published on: February 10, 2015

External rotation during elevation of the arm.

Hiroaki Inui1, Takashi Hashimoto, Katsuya Nobuhara

  • 1Nobuhara Hospital and Institute of Biomechanics, Tatsunoshi, Hyogo, Japan. inuhiro123@yahoo.co.jp

Acta Orthopaedica
|July 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Understanding dynamic arm rotation during elevation is key for shoulder function and rehabilitation. This study reveals distinct external rotation patterns in lateral versus anterior arm elevation planes.

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics of human movement
  • Orthopedics and sports medicine

Background:

  • Understanding shoulder function requires knowledge of arm elevation rotation patterns.
  • In vivo data on dynamic arm rotation during elevation is limited.
  • This information is crucial for developing rehabilitation protocols for shoulder disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate dynamic arm rotation patterns during elevation in different planes.
  • To gather in vivo data on shoulder kinematics during arm elevation.

Main Methods:

  • 30 healthy male participants (ages 21-33) were studied.
  • Arm elevation occurred in four planes (lateral to anterior).
  • A 3D motion capture system recorded dynamic motion.

Main Results:

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  • Two distinct external rotation patterns were observed.
  • In lateral planes, external rotation peaked early (122° abduction) then decreased.
  • In anterior planes, external rotation increased to maximum elevation.

Conclusions:

  • Significant differences exist in rotational patterns during arm elevation.
  • Lateral arm elevation requires more external rotation than anterior elevation.