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Throwing pattern: changes in timing of joint lag according to age between and within skill level
1Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA. D.Southard@tcu.edu
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
|August 5, 2009
Summary
Throwing performance improves with later peak velocity in distal joints, known as distal timing lag. Younger and less skilled throwers exhibit more variable joint timing lag.
Area of Science:
- Biomechanics
- Human Movement Science
- Sports Science
Background:
- Throwing involves conserving angular momentum through sequential joint activation.
- Distal timing lag, where distal joints peak later than proximal ones, enhances hand velocity.
- Skill level correlates with the number of joints exhibiting distal timing lag.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate differences in the amount and variance of joint timing lag based on age and skill level in throwing.
- To analyze how distal timing lag varies between and within different age and skill groups.
Main Methods:
- Eighty participants were categorized into four age and skill level groups.
- Participants performed throwing tasks at 50% of their maximum velocity.
- Three-dimensional joint lag was analyzed using a 2x4 (Age x Level) multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), followed by discriminant and univariate analyses.
Main Results:
- A significant two-way interaction between age and skill level was found.
- Wrist lag decreased with age and higher skill levels; elbow lag increased.
- Younger and lower-skilled performers demonstrated the most variable joint lag.
Conclusions:
- Age and skill level significantly influence joint timing lag patterns in throwing.
- Wrist and elbow lag are key discriminators of throwing performance and age.
- Variability in joint lag is a characteristic of less experienced and younger throwers, impacting performance definitions.
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