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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I

Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
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Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
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The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological states or needs.
Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.

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In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Neuronal Ensembles in Networks of Primary Sensory Neurons in Intact Trigeminal Ganglia
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Central processing of trigeminal activation in humans.

T Hummel1, E Iannilli, J Frasnelli

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Smell & Taste Clinic, Dresden, Germany. thummel@mail.zih.tu-dresden.de

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|August 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory and trigeminal nerve stimulation activate similar brain regions, particularly the insular cortex. Intranasal trigeminal input involves additional brain areas, suggesting significant interaction between chemical senses.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory processing
  • Brain imaging

Background:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have extensively explored olfactory processing.
  • The intranasal trigeminal system's neural pathways remain less understood.
  • Chemical senses involve complex interactions within the nasal cavity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the brain's response to intranasal trigeminal nerve stimulation using fMRI.
  • To compare neural activation patterns between olfactory and trigeminal stimuli.
  • To explore the interaction between olfactory and trigeminal systems in the brain.

Main Methods:

  • A pilot study using fMRI.
  • Stimulation of olfactory (phenylethyl alcohol, H(2)S) and trigeminal (CO(2)) nerves via a constant airstream.
  • Birhinal stimulus delivery.

Main Results:

  • Both olfactory and trigeminal stimulation activated the ventral insular cortex.
  • Intranasal trigeminal stimulation additionally activated the midbrain, superior temporal gyrus, anterior caudate nucleus, and dorsolateral orbitofrontal cortex.
  • Cerebellar activation was reduced for trigeminal stimuli compared to olfactory stimuli; right-sided brain activity was more pronounced for all stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • Processing of intranasal activation shows similarities between trigeminal and olfactory stimulation.
  • The olfactory and trigeminal systems interact significantly, processed within overlapping cortical networks.
  • The orbitofrontal cortex and rostral insula are crucial for amplifying trigeminal input, which may be impaired in olfactory loss.