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Related Concept Videos

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions01:21

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions

In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
Other key practices include keeping masonry units and sand dry and...
Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
Curing Methods01:26

Curing Methods

Concrete members with a small surface-to-volume ratio are cured by oiling and moistening the forms before casting the concrete member. These forms can be left in place for a prolonged period to prevent moisture loss, and can be wetted if made of a material suitable for wetting. If the forms are removed early, the concrete member is moistened and covered with polythene sheets to maintain moisture. For large horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to dry weather, a temporary covering is suspended...
Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability01:14

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
To address...
Hot Weather Concreting01:20

Hot Weather Concreting

Concreting at elevated temperatures accelerates the hydration process, leading to quicker setting but potentially reducing the long-term strength of the concrete structure. Additionally, low air humidity fosters rapid moisture loss from the concrete, resulting in reduced workability, pronounced plastic shrinkage, and a higher likelihood of crazing.
Mitigating the heat increase in concrete can be economically achieved by shading aggregate stockpiles to prevent heating from solar radiation,...

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[Patch testing: historical aspects].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering
07:47

Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering

Published on: September 16, 2016

[Patch testing methods in different climatic conditions].

J-M Lachapelle1

  • 1Service de dermatologie, université catholique de Louvain, 30, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs, UCL3033, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgique. Jean-marie.Lachapelle@uclouvain.be

Annales De Dermatologie Et De Venereologie
|August 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patch testing is straightforward in cold climates. However, adaptations are crucial for patch testing in tropical and subtropical regions to prevent skin irritation.

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Published on: September 16, 2016

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Allergology
  • Clinical Immunology

Context:

  • Patch testing is a standard diagnostic tool for allergic contact dermatitis.
  • Environmental factors, such as climate, can influence dermatological procedures.
  • Tropical and subtropical regions present unique challenges for medical testing due to heat and humidity.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the practical considerations for performing patch testing in diverse climatic conditions.
  • To emphasize the need for modified patch testing protocols in hot and humid environments.
  • To ensure accurate and reliable diagnostic results for patients in all regions.

Summary:

  • Patch testing is uncomplicated in cold, dry climates.
  • In tropical and subtropical areas, standard patch testing may cause irritation.
  • Methodological adjustments are necessary for effective patch testing in these warmer, humid regions.

Impact:

  • Improved diagnostic accuracy for allergic contact dermatitis in tropical and subtropical zones.
  • Reduced patient discomfort and potential adverse reactions during patch testing.
  • Standardization of patch testing protocols globally, considering climatic variations.