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Related Concept Videos

Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Evolutionary Processes in Microbes01:26

Evolutionary Processes in Microbes

Microbial evolution occurs rapidly due to short generation times and a variety of genetic processes, including horizontal gene transfer, mutation, recombination, and genetic drift. These mechanisms collectively enable microbes to adapt swiftly to changing environments.Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) allows genes to move between different species and occurs through three main mechanisms: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Conjugation involves direct cell-to-cell contact for DNA...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase
12:02

Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase

Published on: May 29, 2008

Genetic recombination and molecular evolution.

B Charlesworth1, A J Betancourt, V B Kaiser

  • 1Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom. Brian.Charlesworth@ed.ac.uk

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
|September 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reduced genetic recombination lowers variability and adaptation. Hill-Robertson (HR) effects explain this, but a modified model better fits Drosophila data, showing HR effects weaken selection in non-recombining regions.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase
12:02

Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase

Published on: May 29, 2008

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary genetics
  • Population genetics
  • Molecular evolution

Background:

  • Reduced genetic recombination is linked to decreased genetic variability and adaptation.
  • Hill-Robertson (HR) effects are proposed causes for these associations.
  • The dot chromosome of Drosophila, a non-recombining region, exhibits reduced variability and selection effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate between selective sweeps and background selection as causes of reduced variability in non-recombining regions.
  • To propose and test a modified model of HR effects that better explains observed genetic patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of DNA sequence polymorphism and divergence data from the Drosophila dot chromosome.
  • Comparison of empirical data with predictions from selective sweep and background selection models.
  • Development and testing of a modified HR effects model.

Main Results:

  • Neither standard selective sweep nor background selection models fully explain the observed patterns of genetic variability.
  • A modified HR effects model, accounting for interactions among nonsynonymous mutations, fits the data.
  • This modified model explains reduced variability and why it's not entirely eliminated in large non-recombining regions.

Conclusions:

  • HR effects among nonsynonymous mutations can weaken selection's effectiveness in large, low-recombination genomic regions.
  • This mechanism explains variability patterns in the Drosophila dot chromosome and the persistence of some variability.
  • These HR effects provide a selection advantage for recombination and reduce the fitness of non-recombining regions.