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Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with unlimited resources, populations can increase exponentially, which plots as a J-shaped growth rate curve of population size against time. This type of curve is characteristic of newly-introduced invasive species, or populations that have suffered catastrophic declines and are rebounding.However, realistic environmental conditions limit the number of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Monitoring Spatial Segregation in Surface Colonizing Microbial Populations
07:40

Monitoring Spatial Segregation in Surface Colonizing Microbial Populations

Published on: October 29, 2016

Invasion dynamics in spatially heterogeneous environments.

Sebastian J Schreiber1, James O Lloyd-Smith

  • 1Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. sschreiber@ucdavis.edu

The American Naturalist
|September 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biological invasions are influenced by spatial patterns and movement. Multiple small introductions increase success likelihood more than a single large one, impacting population growth and spread.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Mathematical Biology
  • Invasion Biology

Background:

  • Biological invasions, such as disease outbreaks and biocontrol introductions, frequently begin with few individuals in varied environments.
  • Demographic stochasticity from small numbers and spatial heterogeneity critically affect establishment success based on introduction sites and invader movement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a general stochastic modeling framework to analyze how spatial heterogeneity and movement influence establishment, population growth, and spread of invaders.
  • To provide insights into factors affecting invasion dynamics and inform control strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a general stochastic modeling framework.
  • Analyzed the impact of spatial heterogeneity, movement patterns, and propagule size on invasion dynamics.
  • Conducted sensitivity analysis to guide control efforts.

Main Results:

  • Spatial heterogeneity increases expected population growth rate for dispersal-limited populations; local reproductive numbers determine establishment.
  • Higher dispersal rates can decrease population growth but enhance establishment, especially with movement correlated to reproductive numbers.
  • Multiple small introductions are more successful than a single large one; time lags to observable densities vary with extinction risk and metapopulation growth rate.

Conclusions:

  • Spatial heterogeneity and movement patterns are critical determinants of biological invasion success and spread.
  • Invasion strategies involving multiple small introductions are more effective than single large introductions.
  • Understanding these dynamics can inform targeted management and control efforts for invasive species and diseases.