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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Deactivation Processes: Jablonski Diagram01:25

Deactivation Processes: Jablonski Diagram

Luminescence, the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed energy, is a process that involves the interaction of molecules with light. The energy-level diagram, or Jablonski diagram, is a graphical representation of these interactions, illustrating the various states and transitions a molecule can undergo. In a typical Jablonski diagram, the lowest horizontal line represents the ground-state energy of the molecule, which is usually a singlet state. This state represents the energies...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission01:14

Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission

Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels. Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.
Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic factors, steric factors also account...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

An Experimental Protocol for Femtosecond NIR/UV - XUV Pump-Probe Experiments with Free-Electron Lasers
09:49

An Experimental Protocol for Femtosecond NIR/UV - XUV Pump-Probe Experiments with Free-Electron Lasers

Published on: October 23, 2018

Excited-state stability and x-ray lasers.

J N Bardsley

    Optics Letters
    |September 10, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Highly charged ions exposed to powerful excimer lasers have short lifetimes. This instability necessitates caution when designing X-ray lasers that use multiphoton excitation for pumping.

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    Published on: October 23, 2018

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    Hyperpolarized Xenon for NMR and MRI Applications
    16:20

    Hyperpolarized Xenon for NMR and MRI Applications

    Published on: September 6, 2012

    Area of Science:

    • Atomic physics
    • Quantum optics
    • Laser science

    Background:

    • Rydberg states are highly excited atomic states with large principal quantum numbers.
    • Microwave ionization is a key process affecting the stability of these states.
    • Highly charged ions are relevant for advanced laser and plasma applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To estimate the stability of excited highly charged ions under intense laser irradiation.
    • To assess the feasibility of using selective multiphoton excitation for X-ray laser pumping.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing results from recent studies on microwave ionization of Rydberg states.
    • Performing theoretical estimations of excited state stability.
    • Analyzing lifetimes and line broadening effects.

    Main Results:

    • Excited states of highly charged ions exhibit limited stability when irradiated by powerful excimer lasers.
    • Short lifetimes were estimated for these excited states.
    • Significant line broadening was observed, indicating instability.

    Conclusions:

    • The short lifetimes and line broadening of excited highly charged ions pose challenges for X-ray laser design.
    • Caution is advised for X-ray laser designs relying on selective multiphoton excitation due to ion instability.
    • Further research may be needed to overcome these stability limitations for practical applications.