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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments
11:47

Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments

Published on: February 27, 2013

Infrared surface-wave interferometry on W(100).

L M Hanssen, D M Riffe, A J Sievers

    Optics Letters
    |September 10, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    An infrared (IR) grating on a tungsten (W) surface generates surface electromagnetic waves. Interference between these waves accurately measures the plasma frequency in the IR.

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    Area of Science:

    • Surface science
    • Infrared spectroscopy
    • Condensed matter physics

    Background:

    • Surface electromagnetic waves are crucial for understanding surface phenomena.
    • Accurate measurement of plasma frequency is essential in various material science applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate the generation of homogeneous and inhomogeneous surface electromagnetic waves using an IR grating on a W(100) surface.
    • To utilize the interference of these waves for precise plasma frequency measurement.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing an infrared (IR) grating on a clean W(100) surface.
    • Observing and analyzing the interference between homogeneous and inhomogeneous surface electromagnetic waves.
    • Describing the interference phenomenon using a two-beam interferometer model.

    Main Results:

    • Successful generation of both homogeneous and inhomogeneous surface electromagnetic waves.
    • Demonstration of interference between the two wave components.
    • Accurate measurement of the plasma frequency in the infrared spectrum.

    Conclusions:

    • An IR grating on W(100) is an effective tool for generating and studying surface electromagnetic waves.
    • The observed interference provides a novel and accurate method for determining plasma frequency.
    • This technique has potential applications in material characterization and optical device development.