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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires01:18

Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires

Consider two parallel straight wires carrying a current of 10 A and 20 A in the same direction and separated by a distance of 20 cm. Calculate the magnetic field at a point "P2", midway between the wires. Also, evaluate the magnetic field when the direction of the current is reversed in the second wire.
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
Magnetic Field Due To A Thin Straight Wire01:27

Magnetic Field Due To A Thin Straight Wire

Consider an infinitely long straight wire carrying a current I. The magnetic field at point P at a distance a from the origin can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.

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Diffusive transverse coupling between adjacent InSb transphasor channels.

D J Hagan, J Young, H A Mackenzie

    Optics Letters
    |September 11, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers measured signal transfer and carrier density in InSb using transphasors. This technique estimated practical transphasor packing densities and determined the ambipolar diffusion length to be 74 micrometers.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Semiconductor physics

    Background:

    • Transphasor signals are proportional to photoexcited carrier density.
    • Optical channel transfer and packing densities are key parameters in optoelectronic devices.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To measure signal transfer between optical channels using transphasor proportionality.
    • To estimate practical transphasor packing densities in bulk InSb.
    • To determine the ambipolar diffusion length in InSb.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized the proportionality of a transphasor signal to photoexcited carrier density.
    • Employed a transphasor as a probe for carrier population distribution.
    • Measured signal transfer and carrier density in a 280-microm thick InSb étalon.

    Main Results:

    • Estimated practical transphasor packing densities of approximately 10(3) cm(-2).
    • Measured the ambipolar diffusion length to be 74 micrometers.

    Conclusions:

    • The transphasor method is effective for probing carrier dynamics.
    • This technique allows for the characterization of signal transfer and diffusion in semiconductors.