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Related Concept Videos

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, are pivotal in treating moderate to severe Crohn's disease by inducing remission. They exhibit their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and chemokines like IL-8. In addition, they reduce the expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira),...
Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the colon and rectum. The primary drugs used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis are aminosalicylates. They exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. They modulate inflammatory mediators and inhibit the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Aminosalicylates also reduce inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene production and decreasing neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide generation. 
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Pharmacological Management

Upon diagnosis, managing Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) involves addressing several crucial aspects. The primary goals include resting the bowel, correcting malnutrition, and providing symptomatic relief. Resting the bowel may consist of medications to reduce inflammation and promote healing. Correcting malnutrition is essential, often requiring dietary adjustments and nutritional supplements. Symptomatic relief aims to ease pain, diarrhea, and other discomforts in IBD.
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Related Experiment Videos

Methotrexate for ocular inflammatory diseases.

Sapna Gangaputra1, Craig W Newcomb, Teresa L Liesegang

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, The Fundus Photograph Reading Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

Ophthalmology
|September 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adding methotrexate to treat noninfectious ocular inflammation moderately controls disease and allows corticosteroid reduction. While many months may be needed for success, methotrexate is generally well-tolerated with few serious side effects.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Noninfectious ocular inflammation requires effective immunosuppressive therapy.
  • Methotrexate is a common noncorticosteroid immunosuppressive agent used in managing inflammatory conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of methotrexate as a corticosteroid-sparing agent for noninfectious ocular inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of 384 patients with various noninfectious ocular inflammatory diseases.
  • Data collected via medical record review from four tertiary ocular inflammation clinics.
  • Outcomes included inflammation control, corticosteroid-sparing effects, and treatment discontinuation rates.

Main Results:

  • Complete inflammation suppression within 6 months was achieved in 38.6%–76.7% of patients, depending on the specific condition.
  • Corticosteroid-sparing success (prednisone ≤10 mg/d) within 6 months was achieved in 20.7%–50.9% of patients.
  • Methotrexate was discontinued within one year by 42% of patients, primarily due to ineffectiveness or reversible side effects.

Conclusions:

  • Adding methotrexate is moderately effective for managing noninfectious ocular inflammation and achieving corticosteroid-sparing goals.
  • Therapeutic success may require several months, but methotrexate is generally well-tolerated.
  • Methotrexate appears to have a low risk of serious side effects in this patient population.