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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the timing and level of...

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
10:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: July 22, 2008

The stem cell--chromatin connection.

Yi Sang1, Miin-Feng Wu, Doris Wagner

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|September 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chromatin regulators are crucial for stem cell self-renewal and differentiation in animals and plants. This review explores how these regulators maintain stem cell pluripotency across kingdoms.

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Chromatin Extraction from Frozen Chimeric Liver Tissue for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Analysis
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Chromatin Extraction from Frozen Chimeric Liver Tissue for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Analysis

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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
10:28

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
10:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: July 22, 2008

Chromatin Extraction from Frozen Chimeric Liver Tissue for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Analysis
09:26

Chromatin Extraction from Frozen Chimeric Liver Tissue for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Analysis

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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
10:28

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Comparative Biology

Background:

  • Stem cells possess self-renewal and differentiation capabilities.
  • Stem cell potency is defined by their potential to differentiate into various cell types (totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent).
  • Chromatin regulation is increasingly recognized for its role in stem cell fate determination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the function of chromatin regulators in stem cell maintenance and differentiation.
  • To compare chromatin-mediated stem cell control in animals and plants.
  • To explore the evolutionary significance of chromatin regulators in pluripotency.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of chromatin regulation in stem cells.
  • Comparative analysis of stem cell systems in plants and animals.
  • Discussion of evolutionary convergence in chromatin-mediated pluripotency.

Main Results:

  • Chromatin regulators are essential for maintaining stem cell identity and directing differentiation.
  • Similarities and differences exist in chromatin-based stem cell control between plants and animals.
  • Pluripotency control by chromatin regulators appears to be a conserved mechanism despite independent evolution of multicellularity.

Conclusions:

  • Chromatin regulation is a fundamental mechanism governing stem cell fate across diverse multicellular organisms.
  • Understanding these conserved mechanisms offers insights into developmental biology and evolution.
  • Further research can elucidate the precise molecular pathways involved in chromatin-mediated pluripotency.