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Annealed proton-exchanged LiNbO(3) waveguides.

M L Bortz, M M Fejer

    Optics Letters
    |September 29, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study characterizes annealed proton-exchanged waveguides in lithium niobate (LiNbO3), presenting a universal model for their fabrication and optical properties. The findings offer insights into optimizing waveguide performance for optical applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optical Engineering
    • Solid State Physics

    Background:

    • Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a key material for integrated optics.
    • Proton exchange is a common method for fabricating optical waveguides in LiNbO3.
    • Annealing is crucial for modifying the properties of proton-exchanged waveguides.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To characterize annealed proton-exchanged waveguides in LiNbO3.
    • To determine the relationship between fabrication conditions and waveguide properties.
    • To develop a diffusion model for the annealing process.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of proton-exchanged waveguides in LiNbO3.
    • Annealing of fabricated waveguides under various conditions.
    • Measurement of effective-mode indices and fundamental-mode intensity profiles.

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  • Determination of index profile, depth, and surface refractive-index change.
  • Measurement of refractive-index dispersion from 0.4 to 1.1 micrometers.

    • Main Results:

    • Effective-mode indices and intensity profiles were measured.
    • Index profile, depth, and surface refractive-index change were determined and presented in a universal form.
    • An empirical concentration-dependent diffusion model for annealing was developed.
    • Refractive-index dispersion was characterized for both proton-exchanged and annealed waveguides.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a comprehensive characterization of annealed proton-exchanged waveguides in LiNbO3.
    • A universal form for waveguide properties and a diffusion model were established.
    • The findings are valuable for the design and fabrication of LiNbO3-based optical devices.