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Related Concept Videos

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra. Schrödinger...
Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two...
Electronic Structure of Atoms02:28

Electronic Structure of Atoms


An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum numbers:  n, l, ml, and...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...
Fermi Level Dynamics01:12

Fermi Level Dynamics

The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
Electron affinity in semiconductors refers to the energy gap between the minimum of its conduction band and the vacuum level and it is a critical parameter in determining how easily a semiconductor can accept additional electrons.
The work...
Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
11:33

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

Published on: January 19, 2018

Atom-by-atom quantum state control in adatom chains on a semiconductor.

Stefan Fölsch1, Jianshu Yang, Christophe Nacci

  • 1Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|October 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individual indium atoms were precisely moved on a semiconductor surface to create one-atom-wide chains. These chains exhibit unique quantum states, paving the way for exploring atomic-scale quantum structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Precise control over individual atoms on semiconductor surfaces is crucial for developing novel electronic and quantum devices.
  • Understanding the electronic properties of atom chains is essential for designing nanoscale quantum structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the vertical manipulation of adatoms on a III-V semiconductor surface using a scanning tunneling microscope.
  • To construct and characterize one-atom-wide indium chains on an InAs(111)A surface.
  • To investigate the quantum states and electronic properties of these engineered atomic chains.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) at cryogenic temperatures (5 K) for atomic manipulation.
  • Achieved reversible repositioning of individual indium (In) atoms on the InAs(111)A surface.
  • Employed tunneling spectroscopy to probe the electronic states of the constructed In chains.

Main Results:

  • Successfully constructed one-atom-wide indium chains through precise vertical manipulation of individual In atoms.
  • Observed unique quantum states within these In chains, originating from adatom-induced electronic states.
  • Demonstrated significant substrate-mediated coupling influencing the electronic properties of the atomic chains.

Conclusions:

  • Atom manipulation in conjunction with local spectroscopy provides a powerful approach for exploring atomic-scale quantum structures.
  • Engineered indium chains on InAs(111)A exhibit distinct quantum phenomena, highlighting their potential for future nanoscale devices.
  • This technique enables the study of fundamental quantum properties at the atomic level on semiconductor platforms.