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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry
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Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

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Rotation properties of multipole moments in atomic sublevel spectroscopy.

D Suter, T Marty, H Klepel

    Optics Letters
    |October 6, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers optically observed atomic multipole moments in sodium using polarized light and optical pumping. This method distinguishes signals from different multipole moments in atomic ground states.

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    Area of Science:

    • Atomic Physics
    • Quantum Optics
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Atomic multipole moments describe the spatial distribution of charge and current within an atom.
    • Optical methods offer non-invasive ways to probe atomic properties.
    • Polarized light interactions are sensitive to the orientation of atomic states.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a technique for optically observing the spatial orientation of atomic multipole moments.
    • To utilize polarized light and optical pumping for probing atomic ground states.
    • To differentiate signal contributions from various multipole moments.

    Main Methods:

    • Employing resonant polarized light to interact with atomic sodium.
    • Utilizing optical pumping to selectively populate and polarize angular momentum substates.
    • Analyzing the optical signals to extract information about multipole moment orientation.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully demonstrated the optical observation of atomic multipole moment spatial orientation in sodium.
    • Showcased the effectiveness of optical pumping in polarizing atomic substates.
    • Established a method to distinguish signal contributions based on multipole moment type.

    Conclusions:

    • Optical observation of atomic multipole moments is feasible using polarized light.
    • The presented technique allows for the characterization of atomic spatial orientation.
    • This method provides a pathway to resolve contributions from different multipole moments in atomic systems.