Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Tongue and Taste Buds00:49

The Tongue and Taste Buds

The surface of the tongue is covered with various small bumps called papillae, which either distribute what has been ingested (filiform papillae) or contain the sensory taste (or gustatory) receptor cells (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae). Embedded within each taste-related papilla are the taste buds—clusters of 30 to 100 gustatory receptor cells.
Taste Buds and Receptors01:20

Taste Buds and Receptors

Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
Gustation01:43

Gustation

Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.
Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.
Tongue01:01

Tongue

The human tongue is a fascinating and complex organ, responsible for various essential functions such as swallowing, speech, and taste. It is also subject to various conditions and diseases. In this article, we delve into the anatomy of the tongue, its roles, and some common conditions that can affect it.
Anatomical Position in the Oral Cavity
The tongue is located within the oral cavity, also known as the mouth. It is attached to the floor of the mouth by a fold of mucous membrane called the...
The Physiology of Taste01:24

The Physiology of Taste

The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the diffusion of...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Point-of-care smell testing for evaluation of olfactory function: a narrative review of clinical utility.

Frontiers in allergy·2026
Same author

Electronic Engineering of Donor-Acceptor Covalent Organic Frameworks via Fluorine Substitution for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Hemodynamic Assessment in Newborn Infants With Sepsis: A Prospective Observational Study.

Cureus·2026
Same author

Sacral Neuromodulation Test-Phase Success in Bladder Pain Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

International urogynecology journal·2026
Same author

Risk Factors Associated With Febrile Seizures in Young Children: Clinical, Biochemical, and Genetic Perspectives.

Cureus·2026
Same author

<i>Plasmodium vivax</i> malaria in India: microbiological barriers to diagnosis, treatment, and elimination.

Clinical microbiology reviews·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
07:10

Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test

Published on: August 17, 2018

E-tongue: a tool for taste evaluation.

Himanshu Gupta1, Aarti Sharma, Suresh Kumar

  • 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India. Himanshu18in@yahoo.com

Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation
|October 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patient-acceptable oral pharmaceuticals rely on taste masking. Electronic tongues (E-tongues) offer a cost-effective alternative to human taste panels for assessing drug formulation palatability in pharmaceutical development.

More Related Videos

&#181;Tongue: A Microfluidics-Based Functional Imaging Platform for the Tongue In Vivo
07:53

µTongue: A Microfluidics-Based Functional Imaging Platform for the Tongue In Vivo

Published on: April 22, 2021

Assessment of Spatial Lingual Tactile Sensitivity using a Gratings Orientation Test
06:00

Assessment of Spatial Lingual Tactile Sensitivity using a Gratings Orientation Test

Published on: September 17, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
07:10

Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test

Published on: August 17, 2018

&#181;Tongue: A Microfluidics-Based Functional Imaging Platform for the Tongue In Vivo
07:53

µTongue: A Microfluidics-Based Functional Imaging Platform for the Tongue In Vivo

Published on: April 22, 2021

Assessment of Spatial Lingual Tactile Sensitivity using a Gratings Orientation Test
06:00

Assessment of Spatial Lingual Tactile Sensitivity using a Gratings Orientation Test

Published on: September 17, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Sensory Science

Background:

  • Patient acceptability and compliance are crucial for oral pharmaceutical success, particularly in pediatric medicine.
  • Taste masking is a key factor in developing palatable drug formulations.
  • Traditional human sensory evaluation for taste assessment is expensive and impractical for early-stage drug development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of taste in oral pharmaceutical development.
  • To discuss the application of electronic tongue (E-tongue) technology as an alternative to human taste panels.
  • To present various aspects, patents, and instruments related to E-tongue technology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on taste assessment in pharmaceuticals.
  • Discussion of the principles and applications of electronic tongue devices.
  • Analysis of relevant patents and commercially available E-tongue instruments.

Main Results:

  • Electronic tongues provide a viable, cost-effective method for taste assessment.
  • E-tongue technology can replace human taste panelists in quality control and early-stage development.
  • The review highlights the growing importance and utility of E-tongues in the pharmaceutical industry.

Conclusions:

  • Taste assessment is critical for oral drug formulation success.
  • Electronic tongues offer a practical and efficient solution for taste analysis in pharmaceutical research and development.
  • Further exploration of E-tongue technology can enhance the development of patient-friendly medications.