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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber
08:47

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber

Published on: March 3, 2023

Allergic rhinitis with negative skin tests: does it exist?

David A Khan1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8859, USA. dave.khan@utsouthwestern.edu

Allergy and Asthma Proceedings
|October 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) shares similarities with allergic rhinitis (AR). Some studies suggest localized allergic reactions in NAR patients, but further research is needed to confirm these findings.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) is a common condition presenting diagnostic challenges.
  • NAR shares immunopathological characteristics with allergic rhinitis (AR).
  • AR involves allergen-specific IgE, detectable systemically and locally in the nasal mucosa.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing studies on nasal provocation challenges in NAR patients.
  • To evaluate the evidence for localized IgE-mediated allergy in NAR.
  • To highlight methodological differences in current research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies evaluating NAR patients with allergen nasal provocation.
  • Analysis of methodologies used in allergen challenge testing.
  • Comparison of findings in subjects with and without positive skin tests.

Main Results:

  • Some studies report positive allergen challenges in NAR patients with negative skin tests.
  • Findings are not consistent across all studies.
  • Methodological variations exist in current research.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence for localized IgE-mediated allergy in NAR remains inconclusive.
  • Further refinement and standardization of nasal provocation techniques are necessary.
  • Distinguishing NAR from AR requires precise diagnostic approaches.