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Related Concept Videos

Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
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The crystal lattice structure of a material allows us to determine how many molecules exist in its unit cell. With this information, alongside the unit-cell parameters - three distance parameters (a, b, c) and three angular parameters (α, β, γ).Density (ρ) = (Z × M) / (a × b × c × NA)where:Z is the number of formula units per unit cellM is the molar mass of the substancea, b, and c are the edge lengths of the unit cellNA is Avogadro’s numberFor a simple cubic lattice, atoms are located only at...

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Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System
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Liquid-crystal-filled gratings with high diffraction efficiency.

M L Jepsen, H J Gerritsen

    Optics Letters
    |October 31, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Optical diffraction gratings with liquid crystals can achieve high diffraction efficiencies. Theoretical analysis shows 99% efficiency is possible with rectangular profiles, simplifying fabrication.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics
    • Materials Science
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Optical diffraction gratings are crucial optical components.
    • Liquid crystal-filled gratings have historically shown low diffraction efficiencies in nonzero orders (<50%).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the theoretical feasibility of achieving high diffraction efficiencies in liquid crystal-filled optical diffraction gratings.
    • To explore the impact of grating profiles on diffraction efficiency.

    Main Methods:

    • Rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) was employed to model diffraction efficiencies.
    • Simulations focused on devices with rectangular grating profiles.

    Main Results:

    • Theoretical analysis predicts very high diffraction efficiencies, up to 99%, are achievable.
    • High efficiencies are feasible even with simple rectangular grating profiles, not requiring blazed profiles.

    Conclusions:

    • Liquid crystal-filled diffraction gratings with rectangular profiles can achieve high efficiencies.
    • Simplified fabrication using deep-etch submicrometer techniques is implied for experimental realization of high-efficiency devices.