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Related Concept Videos

Disorder of Water Balance01:29

Disorder of Water Balance

Water balance disorders are medical conditions that occur when there is a deviation from the body's water volume or osmolarity, disrupting normal homeostasis and leading todehydration, hypotonic hydration, hyperhydration, edema, or water intoxication.
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body loses fluids (particularly water).
Causes:
The major causes of dehydration include excessive sweating, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and diuresis.
Signs and Symptoms:
Symptoms primarily include intense...
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State01:21

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, or HHS, is a serious and life-threatening complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by three main features: severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and elevated serum osmolality, all occurring without significant ketoacidosis.HHS typically develops in older adults or individuals with limited access to fluids. This may result from illness, cognitive impairment, or medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. These factors reduce...
Diabetes Insipidus I: Introduction01:29

Diabetes Insipidus I: Introduction

Definition Diabetes insipidus is a disorder marked by the production of large amounts of dilute urine because of impaired vasopressin production, release, or kidney response. The lack of effective vasopressin action limits water reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts, which leads to excessive urinary water loss and intense thirst.Clinical PresentationIndividuals with diabetes insipidus report persistent thirst and very high urine output. In severe cases, fluid intake can reach up to 20...
Diabetes Insipidus II: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetes Insipidus II: Pathophysiology

Normally, water balance is maintained through three interconnected mechanisms: the hypothalamic thirst center, the synthesis and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin), and the kidneys' responsiveness to this hormone. ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus, released from the posterior pituitary, and acts on the distal nephron, allowing water reabsorption and concentrated urine production.Diabetes Insipidus and Its TypesIn diabetes insipidus (DI), this regulatory system is...
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic CompoundsIonic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions with...
Regulation of Water Intake01:25

Regulation of Water Intake

Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...

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Isolation and Adoptive Transfer of High Salt Treated Antigen-presenting Dendritic Cells
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Isolation and Adoptive Transfer of High Salt Treated Antigen-presenting Dendritic Cells

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[Hypernatremia].

Bruno Vogt1, Lorenzo Berwert, Michel Burnier

  • 1Service de Néphrologie et d'Hypertension, Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne. bruno.vogt@chuv.ch

Therapeutische Umschau. Revue Therapeutique
|November 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypernatremia, or high serum sodium, is typically caused by water deficit, often linked to reduced thirst or fluid intake. Certain medications and hospitalization can increase risk, especially in adults and the elderly.

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Hypernatremia is characterized by elevated serum sodium levels.
  • It commonly results from a relative water deficit due to decreased thirst or intake.
  • Excessive sodium intake can also cause hypernatremia in rare instances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define hypernatremia and outline its common and rare causes.
  • To highlight the potential dangers and risk factors associated with hypernatremia.
  • To describe the general therapeutic approach to managing hypernatremia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on hypernatremia.
  • Analysis of etiological factors contributing to hypernatremia.
  • Description of clinical presentation and management strategies.

Main Results:

  • Hypernatremia is primarily caused by water deficit, influenced by thirst sensation and water intake.
  • Medications affecting thirst are a key cause in adults and the elderly.
  • Hospitalization is identified as a potential risk factor.

Conclusions:

  • Hypernatremia, particularly severe cases, poses significant risks including morbidity and mortality.
  • Risk factors include age, certain medications, and hospitalization.
  • Management involves addressing the underlying cause and balancing body fluid and electrolytes.