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Related Concept Videos

Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...
Coronavirus01:29

Coronavirus

Coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), are enveloped viruses characterized by their single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome and helical nucleocapsid structure. The hallmark of these viruses is their club-shaped spike (S) glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope, facilitating attachment to host cells. Typically, coronaviruses infect the upper respiratory tract, often causing mild or asymptomatic disease. However, certain strains like...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Bacteriophages of the Human Virome01:23

Bacteriophages of the Human Virome

Bacteriophages are found throughout the human body. They may even outnumber eukaryotic viruses, forming an important and dynamic component of the human virome. Indeed, phages represent the most abundant viral entities, with densities in the gut reaching up to 10⁹ particles per gram of fecal matter, and many belonging to orders such as Caudovirales and Microviridae, while a substantial proportion remains unclassified as viral “dark matter.”Lysogeny and Genetic ExchangeIn the gut, bacteriophages...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...

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Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
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Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

Published on: September 22, 2023

Recently discovered human coronaviruses.

Brigitte A Wevers1, Lia van der Hoek

  • 1Master Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
|November 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human coronaviruses (HCoVs), once thought harmless, are now linked to severe illness. This review details known HCoVs, their pathogenic potential, and interactions with host cells.

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Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2

Published on: November 5, 2021

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Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
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Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2

Published on: November 5, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) were historically considered minor respiratory pathogens.
  • The emergence of SARS-CoV in 2003 highlighted the potential for severe HCoV-associated disease.
  • The pathogenic potential of HCoVs, especially newer strains like HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1, requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics of the five known HCoVs.
  • To summarize current understanding of HCoV pathogenic potential in humans.
  • To emphasize virus-receptor interactions on target cells.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on HCoVs.
  • Analysis of clinical data and etiological evidence for HCoV infections.
  • Focus on molecular mechanisms of viral entry and pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • HCoVs exhibit a spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from mild to severe.
  • Identification of specific cellular receptors for different HCoVs.
  • Ongoing challenges in definitively proving HCoV etiology for certain diseases.

Conclusions:

  • HCoVs represent a significant public health concern with underestimated pathogenic potential.
  • Understanding virus-receptor interactions is crucial for elucidating HCoV pathogenesis.
  • Further research is needed to fully characterize the risks posed by all known HCoVs.