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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview01:24

Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as a...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Related Experiment Videos

Lithium and thyroid.

John H Lazarus1

  • 1Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4 XN, Wales, UK. lazarus@cf.ac.uk

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|November 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lithium is commonly used for bipolar disorder, but can cause thyroid issues like goiter and hypothyroidism. Levothyroxine treatment is effective, and lithium therapy should continue, as research explores its broader effects.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Lithium is a common treatment for bipolar disorder, affecting approximately 0.5% of the population.
  • Common side effects include goiter (up to 40%) and hypothyroidism (about 20%).
  • Lithium can exacerbate pre-existing thyroid autoimmunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effects of lithium on thyroid function and autoimmunity.
  • To discuss management strategies for lithium-induced thyroid dysfunction.
  • To explore potential therapeutic uses of lithium in hyperthyroidism and its lack of benefit in thyroid cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on lithium's impact on the thyroid.
  • Analysis of clinical side effects and management protocols.
  • Examination of lithium's role in hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer.

Main Results:

  • Lithium commonly causes hypothyroidism and goiter, and can worsen thyroid autoimmunity.
  • Levothyroxine is an effective treatment, and lithium therapy should not be discontinued.
  • Lithium can paradoxically treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting hormone release and increasing radioiodine uptake.
  • No benefit of lithium was found in thyroid cancer treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Lithium necessitates careful thyroid monitoring due to potential side effects.
  • Management involves levothyroxine for hypothyroidism and potential adjunctive use for hyperthyroidism.
  • Further research is needed on lithium's cellular and immunological effects.