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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Lipid A from Gram-negative Bacteria
Published on: September 16, 2013
The molecular basis of the host response to lipopolysaccharide
Clare E Bryant1, David R Spring, Monique Gangloff
1Clare E. Bryant is at the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OES, UK. ceb27@cam.ac.uk
Abstract:
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is produced by Gram-negative bacteria, is a powerful activator of innate immune responses. LPS binds to the proteins Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and MD2 to activate pro-inflammatory signalling pathways. The TLR4-MD2 receptor complex is crucial for the host recognition of Gram-negative bacterial infection, and pathogens have devised many strategies to evade or manipulate TLR4-MD2 activity. The TLR4-MD2 signalling pathway is therefore potentially an important therapeutic target. This Progress article focuses on recent exciting data that have revealed the structural basis of TLR4-MD2 recognition of LPS.
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