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Related Concept Videos

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that stretch at a...
IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching01:24

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in the 3500–3100 cm−1 range. Even though both O−H and N−H bonds vibrate at a similar...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
Harmonic Mean01:09

Harmonic Mean

The arithmetic mean is usually skewed towards the larger values in the data set. Therefore, to avoid this inherent bias towards smaller values, the harmonic mean is used.
Take the example of the speed of a car, which is the measure of the rate of distance traveled. If the vehicle traverses the same distance back-and-forth, its average speed equals the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken. However, if the car moves with varying speeds, then the arithmetic mean is more skewed...
IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations01:08

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single stretching vibration...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...

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Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Published on: June 8, 2018

Internal frequency conversion extreme ultraviolet interferometer using mutual coherence properties of two

S Dobosz1, H Stabile, A Tortora

  • 1CEA, IRAMIS, Service des Photons Atomes et Molécules, F-91191 Gif- sur-Yvette, France. sandrine.dobosz-dufrenoy@cea.fr

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|December 2, 2009
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Summary

This study introduces a novel two-dimensional imaging extreme ultraviolet interferometer. It achieves micron resolution and subpicosecond temporal resolution for probing large objects and plasma diagnostics.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Plasma Physics
  • Ultrafast Science

Background:

  • Developing advanced interferometry techniques is crucial for high-resolution diagnostics.
  • Extreme ultraviolet (XUV) light offers unique probing capabilities due to its short wavelength.
  • Generating and controlling coherent XUV sources remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel two-dimensional imaging XUV interferometer.
  • To establish the feasibility of using mutually coherent high-order harmonic (HOH) sources generated in separated gas jets.
  • To showcase the system's capability for probing centimeter-sized objects with high spatial and temporal resolution.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing two independently generated, mutually coherent laser high-order harmonics (HOH) sources at 32 nm.
  • Employing two spatially separated gas jets for HOH generation.
  • Implementing a magnification factor of 10 for enhanced resolution.
  • Performing single-shot interferogram acquisition.

Main Results:

  • First evidence of producing two mutually coherent HOH sources in independent, spatially separated gas jets.
  • Achieved micron-level spatial resolution and subpicosecond temporal resolution.
  • Demonstrated routine production of single-shot interferograms with fringe visibility >30%.
  • Successfully measured a maximum electron density of 3x10^20 cm^-3 in an aluminum plasma 1.1 ns post-creation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed XUV interferometer is a powerful tool for advanced plasma diagnostics.
  • The technique of using separated, coherent HOH sources enables probing of larger objects.
  • This innovation opens new avenues for ultrafast, high-resolution imaging in various scientific fields.