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Related Concept Videos

Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview

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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets
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Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets

Published on: September 6, 2019

Immunization for HIV-positive individuals.

Anna Maria Geretti1, Tomas Doyle

  • 1Department of Virology, Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust, UK. a.geretti@medsch.ucl.ac.uk

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
|December 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) improves vaccine responses in adults with HIV, but optimal protection requires larger or more frequent vaccine doses. Proactive immunization is crucial for managing vaccine-preventable diseases in this population.

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Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection
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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets
08:12

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets

Published on: September 6, 2019

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection
08:15

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection

Published on: January 31, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • HIV infection significantly impacts immune function and vaccine efficacy.
  • Advances in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have improved life expectancy and well-being for individuals with HIV.
  • Increased life expectancy and engagement in certain activities necessitate robust protection against vaccine-preventable infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on immunizations for adults with HIV.
  • To focus on emerging evidence to guide the care of HIV-positive adults.
  • To assess the role of vaccination in the context of modern HIV management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on vaccination in HIV-infected adults.
  • Analysis of data on clinical efficacy and effectiveness of vaccines.
  • Evaluation of the impact of HAART on immune responses to vaccines.

Main Results:

  • HAART restores vaccine immunogenicity, improving immune response rates and persistence.
  • Vaccine-related adverse events are reduced with HAART.
  • Despite HAART, vaccine responses can be suboptimal; larger or more frequent doses may improve outcomes.
  • New vaccine formulations, including for hepatitis B and human papillomavirus, show promise.

Conclusions:

  • Vaccination is essential for HIV-positive patients due to improved life expectancy and increased exposure risks.
  • Proactive immunization strategies are vital for public health, reducing susceptible individuals and controlling infections.
  • Optimizing vaccine schedules and exploring novel vaccines are key to comprehensive HIV care.