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Related Concept Videos

Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Peroxisomes01:24

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...
Role of Reduced Coenzymes NADH and FADH₂01:29

Role of Reduced Coenzymes NADH and FADH₂

The energy released from the breakdown of the chemical bonds within nutrients can be stored either through the reduction of electron carriers or in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In living systems, a small class of compounds functions as mobile electron carriers, molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways. The principal electron carriers that will be considered originate from the B vitamin group and are derivatives of nucleotides; they are...
Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions with respect to...
Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules01:19

Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules

Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
The removal of an electron from a molecule, results in a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases
08:57

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases

Published on: February 24, 2018

NADH-generating substrates reduce peroxyl radical toxicity in RL-34 cells.

J Antosiewicz1, J H Spodnik, M Teranishi

  • 1Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 1, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland. jant@amg.gda.pl

Folia Morphologica
|December 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Increasing intracellular NADH levels with substrates like lactate protects cells from oxidative stress and cell death caused by peroxyl radicals. This antioxidant effect involves reduced reactive oxygen species formation.

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Rapid Quantification of Oxidized and Reduced Forms of Glutathione Using Ortho -phthalaldehyde in Cultured Mammalian Cells In Vitro
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High Throughput Screening Assessment of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation using Dihydroethidium (DHE) Fluorescence Dye
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Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases
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Published on: February 24, 2018

Rapid Quantification of Oxidized and Reduced Forms of Glutathione Using Ortho -phthalaldehyde in Cultured Mammalian Cells In Vitro
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High Throughput Screening Assessment of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation using Dihydroethidium (DHE) Fluorescence Dye
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High Throughput Screening Assessment of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation using Dihydroethidium (DHE) Fluorescence Dye

Published on: January 19, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Oxidative Stress Research

Background:

  • Oxidative stress is a known inducer of apoptosis and necrosis.
  • NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) exhibits antioxidant properties by reacting with peroxyl and alkoxyl radicals in vitro.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if increasing intracellular NADH levels protects RL-34 cells from cytotoxicity induced by 2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH).

Main Methods:

  • RL-34 cells were treated with AAPH, a peroxyl radical generator.
  • Cells were pretreated with NADH-increasing substrates (lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, ethanol) or an NADH-decreasing substrate (acetoacetate).
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and cell death (apoptosis, necrosis) were assessed.

Main Results:

  • AAPH treatment caused significant cell damage, increased free radicals, and induced apoptosis and necrosis.
  • Pretreatment with NADH-generating substrates inhibited AAPH-induced ROS formation and cell death.
  • Acetoacetate exacerbated AAPH-induced effects, increasing superoxide radical formation.

Conclusions:

  • Increasing intracellular NADH levels can protect cells against peroxyl radical-induced cytotoxicity.
  • NADH-generating substrates reduce overall ROS but may increase superoxide formation, suggesting a complex role in oxidative stress response.