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Related Concept Videos

Milgram's Obedience to Authority02:20

Milgram's Obedience to Authority

Obedience to authority is classically demonstrated in a more famous series of social psychology experiments performed by Stanley Milgram. He was a social psychology professor at Yale who was influenced by the trial of Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi war criminal. Eichmann’s defense for the atrocities he committed was that he was “just following orders.”
Obedience01:08

Obedience

According to obedience research, we may harm others under the forceful pressures of an authority figure (Milgram, 1974). How about if the inappropriate orders were delivered with less force? The increasing interdependence between nurses and physicians compelled Hofling and his colleagues to explore nurses’ reactions to a potentially harmful medical request made by the perceived authority figure, the doctor (Hofling, Brotzman, Dalrymple, Graves, & Pierce, 1966). In this situation, obedience...
Groupthink01:34

Groupthink

When in group settings, we are often influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors around us. Groupthink is another phenomenon of conformity where modification of the opinions of members in a group aligns with what they believe is the group consensus (Janis, 1972). In such situations, the group often takes action that individuals would not perform outside the group setting because groups make more extreme decisions than individuals do. Moreover, groupthink can hinder opposing trains of...
Social Loafing01:37

Social Loafing

Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated, individuals become less...
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
Impression Management Techniques IV: Altercasting01:14

Impression Management Techniques IV: Altercasting

Altercasting is a strategic communication technique in which an individual imposes a specific identity or social role onto another person to influence their behavior and shape the interaction. By presuming a role—such as “responsible leader” or “patient person”—altercasting encourages the target to conform to that identity, often aligning their behavior with the expectations associated with the role. The power of this tactic lies in its subtlety; once a role is assigned, it becomes socially...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Setup and Execution Of the Blindfolded Code Training Exercise
05:25

Setup and Execution Of the Blindfolded Code Training Exercise

Published on: March 29, 2019

To be a better leader, give up authority.

A D Amar1, Carsten Hentrich, Vlatka Hlupic

  • 1Seton Hall University, Stillman School of Business, South Orange, New Jersey, USA. ad.amar@shu.edu

Harvard Business Review
|December 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary

In chaotic times, some companies achieve success by loosening control instead of tightening it. This approach has yielded impressive results for CSC Germany and ANADIGICS.

Area of Science:

  • Business Management
  • Organizational Psychology

Background:

  • Economic uncertainty often prompts executives to increase control for efficiency.
  • However, this can stifle innovation and adaptability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore alternative strategies to traditional control in chaotic environments.
  • To examine the impact of decentralized decision-making on company performance.

Main Methods:

  • Case study analysis of CSC Germany and ANADIGICS.
  • Qualitative assessment of organizational changes and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Both CSC Germany and ANADIGICS reported significant positive effects after implementing less restrictive management styles.
  • Increased employee autonomy correlated with improved operational efficiency and innovation.

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Setup and Execution Of the Blindfolded Code Training Exercise
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The HoneyComb Paradigm for Research on Collective Human Behavior
06:48

The HoneyComb Paradigm for Research on Collective Human Behavior

Published on: January 19, 2019

Conclusions:

  • Decentralizing control can be a highly effective strategy during turbulent economic periods.
  • Rethinking traditional command-and-control structures is crucial for modern business resilience.