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Related Concept Videos

Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair growth — and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Comparative Analysis of Human Growth Hormone in Serum Using SPRi, Nano-SPRi and ELISA Assays
11:17

Comparative Analysis of Human Growth Hormone in Serum Using SPRi, Nano-SPRi and ELISA Assays

Published on: January 7, 2016

Growth hormone.

Martin Bidlingmaier1, Christian J Strasburger

  • 1Medizinische Klinik - Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Munich, Germany. martin.bidlingmaier@med.uni-muenchen.de

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|December 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Detecting human growth hormone (hGH) abuse in athletes is challenging due to its natural variability. New marker and isoform approaches offer complementary methods to identify doping, enhancing detection capabilities.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Comparative Analysis of Human Growth Hormone in Serum Using SPRi, Nano-SPRi and ELISA Assays
11:17

Comparative Analysis of Human Growth Hormone in Serum Using SPRi, Nano-SPRi and ELISA Assays

Published on: January 7, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Sports Medicine
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Human growth hormone (hGH) is secreted by the pituitary gland and regulates growth and metabolism.
  • Recombinant hGH (rhGH) therapy has established metabolic effects in deficient individuals.
  • rhGH abuse is suspected in athletes for performance enhancement, despite limited studies in healthy subjects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges in detecting rhGH doping in athletes.
  • To describe two independent approaches for rhGH detection: the marker and isoform methods.
  • To evaluate the potential of combining these methods for improved detection.

Main Methods:

  • The marker approach assesses hGH-dependent parameters like IGF-I and bone/collagen metabolism.
  • The isoform approach analyzes the ratio of the 22,000 Da monomeric rhGH isoform to other hGH isoforms.
  • Specific immunoassays are used to differentiate between endogenous and exogenous hGH isoforms.

Main Results:

  • rhGH administration alters hGH-dependent markers and the isoform profile.
  • The 22,000 Da isoform becomes predominant after rhGH injection.
  • Both marker and isoform methods have different detection windows.

Conclusions:

  • Detecting rhGH doping is difficult due to identical sequences and pulsatile secretion.
  • The marker and isoform approaches provide distinct detection strategies.
  • Complementary use of both methods can increase the likelihood of detecting rhGH abuse in athletes.