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Related Concept Videos

Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER01:26

Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER

Integral membrane proteins are proteins adhered to the lipid bilayer of a cell organelle or membrane. They can be of two types: transmembrane integral proteins that span the lipid bilayer and monotopic proteins that are attached to either side of the membrane but do not pass through it.
Integral transmembrane proteins possess transmembrane and extra membrane domains. The transmembrane domains are primarily made of 20-25 hydrophobic amino acids arranged in a helical secondary confirmation. These...
Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation
14:44

Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation

Published on: March 14, 2014

Transmitting the message: intracellular mRNA localization.

Carine Meignin1, Ilan Davis

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, New Biochemistry Building, The University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology
|December 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) localization directs proteins to specific cellular locations, crucial for development and function. This review covers mRNA delivery, anchoring mechanisms, and their role in the nervous system.

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Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Localized mRNAs in Mammalian Cells
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Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation
14:44

Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation

Published on: March 14, 2014

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Localized mRNAs in Mammalian Cells
10:24

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Localized mRNAs in Mammalian Cells

Published on: December 17, 2012

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation
09:13

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

Published on: August 22, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Intracellular mRNA localization is a fundamental biological process.
  • Localized transcripts are essential for diverse cellular functions, including embryonic development and neuronal plasticity.
  • Recent research emphasizes the prevalence of mRNA localization across various model organisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the known mechanisms for mRNA transport and anchoring within cells.
  • To evaluate the current understanding of mRNA localization and translation regulation in the nervous system.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on mRNA localization.
  • Analysis of mechanisms for transcript delivery and anchoring.
  • Evaluation of progress in neuroscience research regarding mRNA localization.

Main Results:

  • mRNA localization is a widespread phenomenon critical for protein targeting.
  • Diverse mechanisms exist for the transport and stable anchoring of transcripts.
  • Significant advancements have been made in understanding mRNA localization in neural tissues.

Conclusions:

  • mRNA localization is a key regulatory mechanism for protein function.
  • Further research in the nervous system is vital for fully elucidating these processes.