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Related Concept Videos

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Finger-stick Blood Sampling Methodology for the Determination of Exercise-induced Lymphocyte Apoptosis
04:37

Finger-stick Blood Sampling Methodology for the Determination of Exercise-induced Lymphocyte Apoptosis

Published on: February 24, 2011

Does exercise really induce lymphocyte apoptosis?

James Wilfred Navalta1, Brian Keith McFarlin, Thomas Scott Lyons

  • 1Department of Kinesiology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101-1089, USA. james.navalta@wku.edu

Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition)
|December 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute exercise may cause lymphocyte apoptosis through external or internal pathways. Discrepancies in findings might stem from varying methods used to detect cell death, suggesting a need for improved techniques.

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Finger-stick Blood Sampling Methodology for the Determination of Exercise-induced Lymphocyte Apoptosis
04:37

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Published on: February 24, 2011

Experimental Analysis of Apoptotic Thymocyte Engulfment by Macrophages
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Acute exercise is a physiological stressor.
  • Exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis has been reported but not consistently confirmed.
  • Potential mechanisms include receptor-mediated and oxidative pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence for exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis.
  • To explore the conflicting findings regarding acute exercise and lymphocyte cell death.
  • To discuss methodological limitations and propose new techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on exercise and lymphocyte apoptosis.
  • Analysis of proposed mechanisms for lymphocyte cell death.
  • Evaluation of methodologies used to assess apoptosis.

Main Results:

  • Conflicting results exist regarding acute exercise's effect on lymphocyte apoptosis.
  • Proposed pathways include external receptor-mediated and internal oxidative routes.
  • Methodological sensitivity may explain discrepancies in findings.

Conclusions:

  • The impact of acute exercise on lymphocyte apoptosis is debated.
  • Methodological variations are a likely source of conflicting results.
  • Further research with sensitive and standardized techniques is needed.