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Related Concept Videos

Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Alkenes via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: McMurry Reaction01:22

Alkenes via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: McMurry Reaction

The radical dimerization of ketones or aldehydes gives vicinal diols through a pinacol coupling reaction. However, the behavior of titanium metals used for the reaction as a source of electrons is unusual. When the reaction is carried out in the presence of titanium, diols can be isolated at low temperatures. Else titanium further reacts with diols, forming alkenes through the McMurry reaction.
Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.

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Anticancer Metal Complexes: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation by the MTT Assay
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Anticancer Metal Complexes: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation by the MTT Assay

Published on: November 10, 2013

Hypovalent titanium and Ti(II)-Ti(III) interconversions.

Basab Bijayi Dhar1, Edwin S Gould

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|January 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Titanium(III) in triflic acid disproportionates to titanium(IV) and titanium(II) upon HF addition. Titanium(II) reduction of quinones is complex, catalyzed by titanium(IV), and involves titanium(III) intermediates.

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Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
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Published on: March 20, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Reaction Kinetics
  • Redox Chemistry

Background:

  • Titanium(III) triflate is a pink compound used in chemical reactions.
  • Fluoride ions in triflic acid can induce disproportionation reactions in metal complexes.
  • 1,4-benzoquinones are organic compounds that undergo reduction reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reaction of titanium(III) triflate with hydrofluoric acid.
  • To elucidate the reaction mechanism of 1,4-benzoquinones with titanium(II) in fluoride media.
  • To determine the role of titanium(IV) as a catalyst in these reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Treatment of titanium(III) triflate with hydrofluoric acid in triflic acid.
  • Kinetic analysis of 1,4-benzoquinone reduction by titanium(II) in fluoride media.
  • Catalytic studies involving titanium(IV).

Main Results:

  • Titanium(III) rapidly disproportionates to titanium(IV) and titanium(II) in the presence of HF.
  • The reduction of 1,4-benzoquinones by titanium(II) is complex and zero-order in oxidant.
  • Titanium(IV) strongly catalyzes the reaction, suggesting a Ti(II)-Ti(IV) disproportionation intermediate.

Conclusions:

  • The reaction mechanism involves Ti(II)-Ti(IV) disproportionation to form Ti(III), which then reacts with the quinone.
  • Rate constants derived from complex kinetic curves align with those from Ti(III) reductions.
  • The findings provide insights into the redox behavior of titanium species in fluoride media.