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Related Concept Videos

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
Distance Corrections01:15

Distance Corrections

To achieve precise distance measurements, especially in surveying and construction, certain corrections must be applied to account for potential sources of error like the standardization errors, temperature variations, and slope adjustments.Standardization error emerges when measurement equipment undergoes changes, such as wear, repairs, or weather impacts. To address this, surveyors compare the equipment’s readings to a standard. This process identifies any deviation that might lead to...
Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments01:30

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over short distances...
Leveling Equipment01:18

Leveling Equipment

As leveling involves measuring vertical distances relative to a horizontal line of sight, it requires a graduated rod, called a level rod, for vertical measurements and an instrument called a level for a horizontal sight line. A level includes a high-powered telescope with a mechanism for leveling to ensure the line of sight is horizontal when the bubble in the spirit level is centered. Leveling rods, made of wood, metal, or fiberglass, are graduated in feet or meters and commonly used in two-...
Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors01:17

Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors

A survey team is tasked with determining the elevation difference between points Point A and Point B, separated by uneven terrain. They use a leveling instrument and a leveling rod.Common MistakesMisreading the Rod: During a backsight reading at Point A, the instrumentman observes the rod partially obscured by tall grass. Instead of reading 1.135 m, they mistakenly record 1.735 m due to the misalignment of the crosshair with the wrong graduation. This error adds 0.600 m to all subsequent...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter
05:14

Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter

Published on: September 16, 2025

Two-Laser Optical Distance-Measuring Instrument that Corrects for the Atmospheric Index of Refraction.

K B Earnshaw, E N Hernandez

    Applied Optics
    |February 2, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    New optical distance-measuring instruments achieve high accuracy. These dual-wavelength devices meet goals of better than one part in a million accuracy over 5-10 km, with fast averaging times.

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    Area of Science:

    • Geophysics and environmental monitoring
    • Optical metrology and instrumentation

    Background:

    • The Wave Propagation Laboratory has focused on developing advanced optical distance-measuring instruments.
    • Previous generations of these instruments laid the groundwork for current advancements.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and test a new generation of high-accuracy, dual-wavelength optical distance-measuring instruments.
    • To validate the instrument's performance against specific accuracy and range targets.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a novel dual-wavelength optical distance-measuring instrument.
    • Preliminary testing and data collection to assess instrument accuracy and performance.
    • Utilizing averaging times under one minute for distance measurements.

    Main Results:

    • The new instrument generation has been successfully completed.
    • Preliminary tests confirm the achievement of accuracy better than one part in a million.
    • The instrument meets performance goals over distances of 5-10 km with rapid averaging.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed dual-wavelength optical distance-measuring instrument meets its high-accuracy objectives.
    • The new generation represents a significant advancement in optical metrology for environmental applications.
    • The instrument is suitable for precise distance measurements in demanding conditions.