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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
Published on: June 18, 2021
[Delirium is a very common and life-threatening condition]
Katrin Singler1, Martina Hafner, Cornel Sieber
1Medizinische Klinik 2, Schwerpunkt Geriatrie, Klinikum Nürnberg, Deutschland, Lehrstuhl für Geriatrie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg. katrin.singler@klinikum-nuernberg.de
Abstract:
Although a lot is known regarding the epidemiology and aetiology of this condition, the pathophysiology of delirium remains poorly understood. Today, the leading hypothesized mechanism for the pathogenesis of delirium focuses on a central cholinergic deficiency and dopamine excess. Besides, other neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) may also contribute to delirium. Moreover, cytokines including interleukin-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interferon and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) can lead to an imbalance among the different neurotransmitters and thereby lead to an activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA axis). The article reviews the current pathophysiological findings that may underly delirious states.
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