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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...
Echo01:06

Echo

The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case, then the...
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses
14:05

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses

Published on: January 23, 2017

Auditory target detection is affected by implicit temporal and spatial expectations.

Johanna Rimmele1, Hajnal Jolsvai, Elyse Sussman

  • 1University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
|February 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Implicit temporal orienting in audition speeds reactions and improves accuracy by enhancing early perceptual processing. Spatial orienting effects emerge later, only when combined with temporal expectations.

More Related Videos

An Automated System for Sound Localization Testing in Hearing-Impaired Listeners
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An Automated System for Sound Localization Testing in Hearing-Impaired Listeners

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Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach
10:50

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

Published on: June 6, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses
14:05

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses

Published on: January 23, 2017

An Automated System for Sound Localization Testing in Hearing-Impaired Listeners
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An Automated System for Sound Localization Testing in Hearing-Impaired Listeners

Published on: March 13, 2026

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach
10:50

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

Published on: June 6, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Auditory neuroscience
  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience of attention

Background:

  • Investigating how the brain directs attention is crucial for understanding perception.
  • Implicit cues, like moving sounds, can guide attention without conscious awareness.
  • Auditory attention mechanisms are less understood compared to visual attention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the distinct and interactive roles of implicit spatial and temporal orienting in auditory perception.
  • To determine the timing and processing stages affected by temporal and spatial attention.
  • To elucidate the neural underpinnings of auditory attentional control.

Main Methods:

  • Used a moving auditory stimulus to create implicit temporal and spatial expectations.
  • Recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) during a go/no-go task.
  • Analyzed ERP components (P1, N1, N2, P3) to infer processing stages.

Main Results:

  • Temporal expectations alone improved reaction time and accuracy.
  • Implicit temporal orienting enhanced early perceptual processing (P1, N1) and task-related stages (N2).
  • Spatial expectations influenced later processing (P3) but only when paired with temporal expectations.

Conclusions:

  • Temporal orienting plays a primary role in auditory target detection.
  • Multiple attentional mechanisms interact across different processing phases in audition.
  • Findings align with models suggesting overlapping yet specialized neural networks for spatial and temporal attention.