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Related Concept Videos

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Chronopharmacokinetics: Circadian Rhythms and Influence on Drug Response01:15

Chronopharmacokinetics: Circadian Rhythms and Influence on Drug Response

Circadian rhythms are cyclic changes that are crucial in plasma drug concentrations. Various standard circadian parameters, including core body temperature, heart rate, and other cardiovascular factors, directly impact disease states and the therapeutic response to drug therapy.
The time of drug administration is an important factor to consider, as it can influence the toxic dose of a drug. For example, a study conducted by Prins et al. in 1997 examined the effects of the timing of...
Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Biological01:19

Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Biological

Biological factors significantly impact drug metabolism, influencing drug clearance, efficacy, and potential toxicity.
Species differences: Variations in enzyme systems across species can cause disparities in drug metabolism. For instance, humans may metabolize certain drugs faster than rodents, altering therapeutic effects.
Strain differences: Genetic variations within a species can result in differing enzyme activity, impacting drug response and toxicity. For example, some mouse strains may...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Circadian Entrainment of Drosophila Melanogaster
07:12

Circadian Entrainment of Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: June 3, 2020

Circadian dysfunction in disease.

David A Bechtold1, Julie E Gibbs, Andrew S I Loudon

  • 1Faculty of Life Sciences, AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester. david.bechtold@manchester.ac.uk

Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
|February 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian circadian timing involves decentralized body clocks, not just a master clock. These internal clocks respond to the body's environment, impacting energy metabolism and immunity, and their dysfunction may cause disease.

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In Vitro Bioluminescence Assay to Characterize Circadian Rhythm in Mammary Epithelial Cells
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In Vitro Bioluminescence Assay to Characterize Circadian Rhythm in Mammary Epithelial Cells

Published on: September 28, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Circadian Entrainment of Drosophila Melanogaster
07:12

Circadian Entrainment of Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: June 3, 2020

In Vitro Bioluminescence Assay to Characterize Circadian Rhythm in Mammary Epithelial Cells
11:56

In Vitro Bioluminescence Assay to Characterize Circadian Rhythm in Mammary Epithelial Cells

Published on: September 28, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Chronobiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • The traditional view posits a single 'master clock' in the hypothalamus controlling mammalian circadian rhythms.
  • Emerging evidence highlights autonomous circadian timers in various tissues and brain regions.
  • These timers involve molecular clock machinery driving tissue-specific transcriptional rhythms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the unicentric model of circadian timing.
  • To explore the implications of decentralized and internally responsive body clocks.
  • To focus on the role of these clocks in energy metabolism and immune response.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on circadian biology.
  • Analysis of molecular clock mechanisms and their interaction with signaling pathways.
  • Consideration of the impact of internal desynchronization on physiological processes.

Main Results:

  • Circadian timing is regulated by a network of autonomous clocks in multiple tissues, not solely a master hypothalamic clock.
  • Clock genes interact with signaling pathways, making the circadian system responsive to the body's internal environment.
  • Internal desynchronization within this network is implicated in circadian dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • The decentralized model of circadian timing offers a more comprehensive understanding of biological rhythms.
  • Dysregulation of these interconnected body clocks can significantly impact energy metabolism and immune function.
  • Understanding internal desynchronization is crucial for addressing circadian-related diseases.